My First Day Of Middle School Essay

My first day of middle school I met one of my best friends in the front of the school she had a funny look on her face, not the usual big smile accompanied with her big brown eyes, but with she looked as though she was scared. When I have her a hug she just stood there and didn’t move and pointed at her throat, she fell right in front of me and laid there gasping looking at the ceiling. Everyone including me panicked and out of nowhere this big tall guy in a black uniform got down and grabbed her and put his head in her chest to listen to breathing According to the career assessment I am enterprising, realistic, and social. I was matched with several different kinds of careers including chef, professional athlete, and a skincare specialist. However, most appealing of all of the suggested careers in my eyes would be to become a law enforcement officer and one day a sheriff/ police chief. Growing up being one of the oldest in my family has forced me to become very protective watching over two younger sisters and countless younger cousins. The sports I have played and excelled in including football, track and wrestling will help me advance in that career, being that law enforcement is a very stressful job I will have to be physically and mentally fit to keep up and strive in that field. In Georgia there is an abundance of variation in police officer salaries. The variation is caused by many different factors from population, to the general crime rate in that area. In Atlanta, Georgia the annual salary for a police officer can range from $35,733 to $70, 547 with a median of around $52, 498. I plan to be a police officer for at least ten years and earn a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, while learning as much as I can about street criminals and how they operate. Once established enough I plan to become a sheriff/police chief whose annual salaries can range from $89,729 to $112,081 with a median of around $100, 437. Salaries for police chiefs vary for the same reason as police officers. Police officers right now are most needed in areas of high crime and areas where the number of civilians heavily outweigh the number of law enforcement officers. This mean most urban areas and big cities such as Atlanta, Los Angeles, or Chicago. This is Beneficial to me because I already live near Atlanta so I can pursue this career right at home. In this career choice  there are more men than women. Today women make up about twelve percent of the law enforcement jobs. I believe this is because the physical tests are based on a male ability. The physical exams are more difficult for the women. The average working hours of the police are 40 hours per week but the officer can do overtime if necessary. The benefits of having this career can vary from a raise in salary, medical, dental, or even college tuition benefits, and also retirement and pension options. The way to become a police officer is that you have to be a high school graduate and must complete a police academy training program. Some agencies require an associate’s degree in criminology or criminal justice. Also when trying to be a police officer you have to have good credit because that is part of your background check. It’s also great to have a good work experience so that it can prepare you for the long hours that you will spend on the job. Being physically fit is another major part of securing my career because you have to be healthy and willing to run and jump over objects. To sustain my career and make myself marketable I will always come forth with a positive attitude and get the job done. I will make sure to strive for the highest of expectations and make sure I am best represented for helping the community and keeping everyone self. I want to do what all law enforcement officers are here for which is to stop crime and help people. I also want to be known for having a kind heart and helping anyone in need. Another thing I want to do is start a charity to help those who are in need and also to get young men and women off the streets and headed to a better future.

Examine the effects of the impact of human activity on soil

In the context of living in the modern world the environment is very important to study and maintain. As technology advances the world we live in is changing, but sometimes these changes are disturbing the balance of nature that has been well established for thousands of years. The effect that we are having on soil is often very detrimental; erosion is an ever-present problem all across the globe. I aim to investigate the impact that human activity has had on soil, and evaluate solutions to the problem. Initially it is important to look at what can be damaged and what the risk is to soils. The main threats include erosion, acidification, pollution, compaction, organic matter loss and salinisation. The increasing amounts of fertilizers and other chemicals applied to soils since World War II, has caused great concern over soil pollution. The application of fertilizers containing the primary nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, doesn't lead to soil pollution, the application of trace elements does. Sulfur from industrial wastes has polluted soils in the past. Read this Ch. 22 Respiratory System When lead arsenate was used on crops this had deadly effects but this is now outlawed due to these. The application of pesticides also leads to short-term soil pollution. Ploughing was once a major erosion-causing problem. The way it used to be carried out was known as clean cultivation, which left the topsoils exposed to all natural erosive problems. This was done by the use of the moldboard plow by farmers, now replaced by better ploughs, which leave a litter layer on the surface to prevent erosion. Irrigation is the artificial watering of land to sustain plant growth. This happens across the globe in areas where the water budget is below the required amount. In dry areas, such as the southwestern United States, irrigation must be maintained from the time a crop is planted. In 1800 about 8. 1 million hectares (about 20 million acres) were under irrigation, a figure that has risen to more than 222 million hectares (550 million acres) today. Irrigation, however, can waterlog soil, or increase a soil's salinity to the point where crops are damaged or ruined. The irrigation of arid lands often leads to pollution with salts. This problem is now jeopardizing about one-third of the world's irrigated land. About a third of all soils in England and Wales have been identified as being at risk from water erosion. Another careless error of human kind is to let overgrazing to occur. Overgrazing, which in time can change grassland to desert, can be seen causing great problems in the USA. The dustbowl effect is evidence of this. It is believed by some historians that soil erosion has been an underlying cause in various population shifts and the fall of certain civilizations. Ruins of towns and cities have been found in arid regions such as the deserts of Mesopotamia, which shows that agriculture was once widespread in the surrounding territory. To remedy these problems we have to act fast. In protecting soil we have to consider not only the land but also the land use and the pressures on it, and then find the correct balance of how to help both the land and people. Often without the money coming in from industry and farmers the land that we need to conserve would have gone to waste anyway and there money is preserving it already. Farmers have been looking for solutions for centuries, and in the Middle Ages in Britain and to present day crop rotation was a possible solution. This is where through different seasons different crops were used, and sometimes the field was left bare to recuperate. In modern rotation systems soil-building plants are used. These crops hold and protect the plants during growth, and also when mixed in to the ground provide much needed nutrients. Special methods for erosion control include contour farming, where the farmer follows the contours of sloping lands, and ditches and terraces are constructed to reduce the runoff of water. This is particularly useful in areas with high precipitation. Another soil-conservation method is the use of strip-cropping. This is the use of alternate strips of crop and fallow land. This method is valuable for control of wind erosion on semiarid lands that need to lie crop-free for efficient crop production. Without human activities, losses of soil through erosion would in most areas probably be balanced by the formation of new soil. On new land a layer of vegetation protects the soil. When new industry is formed in an area the protective canopy of trees that would shield the ground from a lot of rainfall is destroyed which greatly speeds up erosion of certain kinds of soils. Erosion is less severe with crops such as wheat, which cover the ground evenly, than with crops such as corn and tobacco, which grow in rows and have bare spaces. When ramblers go out in the countryside they cause another problem, trampling. Through repeated trampling the ground gets ruined and so do the plants, until walkers use alternate paths and also eventually ruin those as well. These methods are all very effective in combating erosion. They are split into five categories, revegetation, erosion control, crop management, run-off control and soil reclamation. The latter is done through drainage. I believe the easiest of these to use is good crop management. This would mean a well-stratified plan to the use of the land b the farmer. It is the cheapest to do, as no alterations to the land are required. It can be done globally but in poorer areas there may be too much pressure to maintain this. At Kinder Scout in England revegetation has been a successful move, replacing plants where walkers had trampled them. The conclusion I am making is that for every soil where human problems have had a diverse effect, it will be a different solution required. There is no standard answer, and farmers, walkers and industrialists need to come up with their own.

The British Has A Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The British Has A Constitution - Essay Example Constitutions, McEwen (2004) adds, establish the composition, powers and functions of the institutions of the state, regulate the relations between these institutions, and enshrine the legal rights and duties of the citizenry. The Unwritten UK Constitution Constitutions of all other states are codified. â€Å"Codified constitutions are largely written, centered around a single document incorporating key constitutional provisions that are binding on all political institutions.† (McEwen 2004) In contrast, the British constitution is not written or codified in a single document. Where codified constitutions are entrenched and enjoys the protecition of a Supreme Court, and can only be repealed or amended by special provisions, the uncodified constitutions are beyond the ordinary legislative process. Sources of the UK Constitution: The UK Constitution is found a number of sources, namely they following: 1. Statute Law: Many Acts of Parliament concern constitutional law. 2. Common / Case Law: The British constitution is â€Å"judge made†and derives some of its principles from jurisprudence. 3. Royal Prerogative: This refers to powers originally exercised by the monarch traditionally, among which powers. Most prerogatives are now directly exercised by ministers, such as the power to regulate the civil service, or the power to issue passports.

Cause, effect and lessons learnt from the asian financial crises Research Paper

Cause, effect and lessons learnt from the asian financial crises - Research Paper Example In addition, the crisis brought doubts on the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) approach in its efforts to dealing with financial imbalances within the private financial markets. It is also clear that the financial crisis can be attributed to panic of local and foreign investors and its role in enhancing the situation (Noble and Ravenhill 2). The Asian economies were at the height of success due to their fast growth and immense gains on the living standards their populations enjoyed. They were basically experiencing sensible fiscal polies and even high rates in private saving which was enticing to the world. There was no prediction that these countries would ultimately fall suddenly into a deep financial crisis in the post war era. Many questions were raised by economists on the causes of the crisis and whether or not they became victims of their own accomplishment. The abundance success may be one of the reasons that also led to their down fall but it also shows that struct ural and policy misrepresentations among the countries in this region played a role in the crisis. The 1997 financial crisis is therefore, a combination of many factors including market over response, which led to a drop in exchange rates, property prices, and economic stability (Noble and Ravenhill 2). Causes of the Asian Financial Crisis The financial crisis in East Asian countries began immediately after the huge high savings and vigorous growth they enjoyed. Since the 1980s, this fast growth was followed by high increment in asset values, increasing property and stock prices, and even in some instances a growth in temporary borrowing from oversees. In the mid-1990s, a tremendous emergence of external shocks specifically the devaluation of major currencies largely impacted export returns. This meant a decline in economic growth as property prices increased in most Asian economies. The devaluation of the currencies begun in Thailand after the decline of the Thai Bhat and this made investors to lose confidence in the Asian markets. The events in Thailand forced many investors to reassess their lending and evaluate the robustness of the region’s currency. This led to a huge wave of currency depreciations while stock, asset and market fell starting with Southeast Asian and then followed closely by the entire region. The year that followed the devaluation of the currency, most of the affected currencies fell as low as 35% to 83% against the United States dollar. There were even records of serious fallout as big as 40% to 60% decline against the U.S. dollar and the Asian financial crisis became a reality (Noble and Ravenhill 2). In Southeast Asia, there was record of capital inflows in the major East Asian upcoming economies that grew from 150 billion U.S dollars in the 1980s to 320 billion U.S dollars in the early 1990s. Private companies were doing excessive borrowing form the foreign capital economies mostly for short-term needs instead of looking for l ong-term earnings for productive security. The main capital inflows were meant for bank loans and even direct immediate foreign investments (Matsumoto 4). The huge capital flows resulted in increase in prices especially for non-tradable goods while the abundant foreign investment caused the currency to appreciate but decreased

Retail Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Retail Marketing - Essay Example The UK supermarket segment has recently embraced various store formats. Among these supermarkets is Tesco supermarket which has embraced these types of formats: the Metro, the traditional supermarket and the extra formats. Every format is designed for a unique target market, which uses Tesco as the brand (Cox and Brittain, 2000, p. 29). Standard format Tesco supermarket is more often situated within an outstanding distance of city centres and towns. These format stores are situated in particular areas that can accommodate an establishment that is bigger in size, even though space cannot adequately accommodate it. Regarding the consumer’s perspective, the store’s standard format has the capability of offering more varieties of products. Many of the stores’ location in the standard format ensure that the shoppers are not required to have a vehicle to enjoy the benefits of this format. Extra is the flagship format for the new Tesco stores. Tesco’s extra store s in this format are large retail establishments that are often built in out of town locations. They are either built as part of a wider out of town retail projects or as stand-alone operations. Tesco Extra format emphases are on the provision of a wide range of services and goods that are available in the smaller standard supermarket format.  Tesco Extra format products are not only the principal non-food and the core food items but are normally linked within the sector of supermarkets.... Every format is designed for a unique target market, which uses Tesco as the brand (Cox and Brittain, 2000, p. 29). Standard format Tesco supermarket is more often situated within an outstanding distance of city centers and towns. These format stores are situated in particular areas that can accommodate an establishment that is bigger in size, even though the space cannot adequately accommodate it. Regarding the consumer’s perspective, the store’s standard format has the capability of offering more varieties of products. Many of the stores’ location in the standard format ensure that the shoppers are not required to have a vehicle to enjoy the benefits of this format (Berman and Evans, 2004, p. 9). Extra is the flagship format for the new Tesco stores. Tesco’s extra stores in this format are large retail establishments that are often built in out of town locations. They are either built as part of a wider out of town retail projects or as a stand-alone ope rations. Tesco Extra format emphases are on the provision of a wide range of services and goods that are available in the smaller standard supermarket format. Tesco Extra format products are not only the principal non-food and the core food items, but are normally linked within the sector of supermarkets. These Extra format stores stock products include kitchenware, clothing, financial services and products, and electronics. Other auxiliary services and goods that can be bought include petrol and branded food typically sold at petrol stations and in the restaurants located in the stores (Bhatia, 2008, p. 47). Tesco Metro format ensures that the store is in a suitable location that is close to places

RFID Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RFID - Essay Example It is greatly used by the organizations for tracking their assets. They just put the RFID tags so that the assets can be easily located. The technology has also been in use in various manufacturing plants for many years. It is used for tracking the parts as well as monitoring the movement of the ‘work’. It is also used for the reduction of defects and enhancement of output levels. Supply chain of the retail chains is one of the major areas where RFID technology has been playing crucial role for the past few decades. Furthermore, the technology has also made the payment mechanisms more convenient especially in case of ‘road tolls’ and ‘quick service restaurants’ (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility, n.d.). The main purpose of RFID technology is enabling data for being transmitted through a portable device such as ‘tag’. A RFID reader reads this tag and then it is further processed in accordance to the requirements of the user. The data which is getting transmitted is capable of providing information regarding the locations, identifications or even the specific features of a particular product. RFID technology has become very popular for its capability of tracking ‘moving objects’ (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility,

Product analysis ( Philip Starch Juicer) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product analysis ( Philip Starch Juicer) - Essay Example It appeals to customers who want classic and different items. The customer could include an organization or any other entity that wants to use the Philip starch juicer in their day to day operations. The Philip starch juicer retails at  £43. Such is a good price for an effective, simple and durable product. The operation procedure of this product is simple. It involves inserting pressure on the lemon to force the juice together with the pulp from rind through the sieve or filter. During this process, Philip starch juicer itself must resist pressure; hence easily deformable materials cannot be used. The Philip starch juicer is mostly used in lemons. Consequently, since lemon is acidic, only acid based materials can be used to make the product. The safety of the product can only be judged during its normal use. In all products, using them in a different way or purpose from that directed by the manufacturers makes them to become unsafe. There is the manual and electric option of the Philip starch juicer. For the manual, after turning the device, the operator must hold the lemon while for the electric option; the squeezer turns the device on automatically. However, the operator must still hold on to the lemon. Other squeezers crush the lemon against projections. Thus, they usually have long handles in order for them to gain mechanical advantage of the

McBride Financial Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

McBride Financial Services - Essay Example In short, the problems of the firm are integral since the management organ of the firm has adopted customs that are not in line with the international standards of corporate governance. The firm is experiencing many challenges at the start up stage since it is a private and small firm. Unlike many brokerage firms, the management of the institution has a limited experience in the brokerage industry, and this can result to a downfall of the industry. The chief executive officer is one of the key challenges to the achievement of the firm since he is the owner of the firm and, as a result, there will be a tendency of putting his own interests first. McBride being the chief executive officer and the chairman of the board will have a significant influence on the decision made by the board of directors as well as the management team (Fayol, 1949). This is because being the head of the two organs he can refuse a decision that is not favourable to his own interest. Commercial analysts have cr iticized the organization for its inability to comply with the rules of investment and borrowing funds from beltway investment. Beltway investment on the other hand, emphasizes that; all the firms that seek any assistance from it must comply with all the requirements of investment, failure to which the application of the assistance will be null and void. The management of McBride investment is willing to obey and follow all the requirements of Beltway Investments. The management strategy of beltway investment seems to have some doubtful professional standards though McBride seriously opposes the perception. Beltway investment grants firm the freedom to manage on their own style. It emphasizes on the universal standards of corporate governance, and any equity based compensation plans in line with the achievement of the firm’s objectives. There should be no any form of discrimination. Even though McBride is seeking to fully comply with beltway investment he insists that his dec ision on the directors and the management

Report leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Report leadership - Coursework Example g to a visible set of leadership differences prevailing between Apple under the guidance of Jobs and Enron, their respective approaches towards performing various operational functions were also been determined thoroughly in the report. Steve Jobs had been quite an influential leader over the years and during his reign, Apple has experienced maximum success in the global business market. However, on the other hand, owing to the inefficiency in the domain of leadership, Enron has seen a major setback in its business, which ultimately resulted in total demise from the global market. Contextually, certain areas of improvement were highlighted in the report that could have enhanced the leadership approaches of both the companies and their respective leaders up to a certain extent. Business patterns have been transformed immensely over the years due to the progression in the domain of technology along with the emergence of various new and developed means of steering business activities. It will be crucial to depict that companies, which fail to move in parallel with the changing business environment will not be capable or less capable in ensuring the conduct of sustainable operations in the global business world. Contextually, it is worth mentioning that companies have the need to develop effective as well as creative strategies that can strengthen their competitive position both in the domestic and the global market. It is quite obvious to the fact that due to the absence of proper plans and policies, any business will suffer adversely and will not able to create a sustainable position for themselves in this competitive business world. In this regard, it is vital that companies plan their objectives and business prospects in an effective and efficient manner, further enhancing the probability of gaining maximum success. However, the other side of the coin depicts that proper execution of the strategies is equally important to attain several significant benefits for

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Employment Law - Essay Example The employers need to immediately respond to the complaints regarding the discrimination in a legal manner. These complaints need to be managed and handled in an effective formalized process. The line supervisors should not try to resolve these issues. The supervisors need to inform and notify the human resource professional and top management for an appropriate organizational response. First and foremost, the employer needs to evaluate the allegation of employment discrimination. The employer should involve the top management and HR professionals in this evaluation process (Mello, 2011). First of all, they need to receive and handle the complaint or allegation by asking the complaining employee about the reason behind the allegation. The management team should encourage the complaining employee to provide details in writing about the allegation. Then the management should be asked for his or her opinion to overcome the issue. The employer should strictly review this matter with the help of top management and HR professionals. Based on the complaint and allegation, the employer should try to evaluate all the insights. Then the employer should undertake an investigation process. It is the responsibility of an employer to maintain effective workplace environment within an organization. Moreover, maintaining several legislations and legal aspects will help the organization to perform its business practices without any harassment. This evaluation will help the employer to understand specific workplace behavior. However, the employers need to involve right person in this investigation process. At the end of the day, the employer should try to provide effective justice to the complaining employees based on the proper evaluation and investigation. It is responsibility of the employer to take corrective action based on the investigation to maintain legal workforce balance and ethical standard. Question 3 Employees generally apprise three different families of workplace events. They generally examine the justice of outcomes, justice of formal allocation process and justice of interpersonal transactions. Justice of outcome is known as distributive justice. Justice of formal allocation process is known as procedural justice. On the other hand, interpersonal transaction is known as interactional justice. These three justices generally tend to be co-related. These three aspects can be meaningfully treated as three key components of total fairness. This part of the essay will explain about three components. Distributive Justice The first component of justice is known as the distributive justice as it has to deal with the outcomes or allocations. This distributive justice is generally concerned with the reality that all the employees are not treated in similar

Life Cycle Essay Example for Free

Life Cycle Essay In this paper I will be writing about the life cycle and the understanding of what impacts an individual. I will be explaining three major concepts such as how self-determination impacts an individual’s ability to successfully negotiate challenges in each life cycle. Also how autonomy impacts an individual’s ability to successfully negotiate challenges in each life cycle and how policies and legislation could impact the family during each life cycle. When it comes to the life cycle there are stages individuals will pass through in their entire life cycle. When it comes to self-determination it starts from birth to about 18months old. During these first 18 months the child is developing optimism, trust, confidence, and security by their mother and father if they are properly cared for by them. If by change there is no trust from the parents to the child they could grow into insecurity, unimportance, and most likely be wary of trust in themselves and in the world. Later in life if the individuals were properly cared for he or she will be able to make things happen in their lives for themselves. This all comes with feeling confidence and being able to trust and make their own decision in their lives. Individuals learn how to be self-determination in early elementary by learning how to make their own choices, promote early problem solving skills by thinking aloud as they address simple problems. This stage is called autonomy vs. shame this is from 18 months to about 5years old. This is when individuals will have the chance to assemble self-esteem and autonomy as they learn new skills and right from wrong. If the individual is cared for the correct way they will learn how to carry them self with pride rather than shame and very sure of themselves. This is about the time individuals will start to wonder and explore the word why and start to experiment of what to believe to be an adult. Playing with Barbie’s and ken’s, also toys such has cars plays a role with wanting to know things and why. If you don’t have involvement with your child in this stage they ca n resolve problems such as struggles through social role identification. With this it can bring an individual frustrated over goals in life and also  may feel guilt. Industry vs. inferiority stage is during age 6 to 12 years old. This is when learning new skills and understanding with developing sense of industry. This is too a stage of social development that you learn plus need throughout the stage of everybody’s life cycle. If an individual experience unanswered thoughts of failure and weakness amongst their peers, they are known to have very serious troubles in conditions of capability and self-esteem during their entire life cycle. As individuals will expand their relationship with school and neighbors during this time of their life cycle parents are still important in their life. In the stage of 12 to 18 years old self-determination and autonomy plays a role in an individual’s life cycle. This is where development is found of what has been done with that person. At this point it has to do with the primarily upon what a person dose with their life. If this means an individual’s has to struggle to be able to discover and find out who they are when having to be deal with negotiating and struggling with social interaction this will bring in their sense of morality and right from wrong skills they have learned. From some reason or another there is a delay in adulthood this can cause a person to become very withdrawn from having responsibilities in life to more in the right direction. Policies and legislation has enter into people life cycle from stage one from learning right from wrong. It really kicks in about the time 18 to 65 years old with dealing with finding love in your life and some are ready before other to settle down and to start a family. If a person does not find them self in at least finding some companies with one another that individual could come to be isolated and that is not good for a person. During this time phrase people are also getting their career in order along with their family this is to be called taking control of all responsibilities in life. When it comes to the stage of 65 to death with an individual this is when it involves reflection. This could be feeling of integrity, contentment feeling you have led a meaningful life. If for some reason a person can not feel like they have lived a happy meaningful life they could be feeling the fear of death. When feeling this way they are struggling to find out what the purpose of their own live was about here in the world. Having the thoughts going through their mind of was everything worth it, what was the point of life this is when they will have start to feel failure and it be a stressful and happy time with individuals life  cycle. In this paper this explains the three major concepts in the family life cycle. Self-determination how it impacts the ability to successfully negotiates challenges in the life cycle. How autonomy impacts individuals ability to successfully negotiate in the life cycle and also the policies and legislation ability could impact an individual’s life cycle. The life cycle is something everyone has to go through and to know it starts from birth to death. Reference The Expanded Family Life Cycle: Individual, Family, and Social Perspectives, Fourth Edition. Chapter 2: Self in context: Human Development and Individual Life Cycle in Systemic Perspective. Monica McGoldrick, Betty Carter, Nydia Garcia Preto (2011).

Relationship Between Management And Leadership In Childhood Setting Nursing Essay

Relationship Between Management And Leadership In Childhood Setting Nursing Essay In this report I will discuss the relationship between management and leadership in an early childhood setting. I will do this by making reference to the Integrated Inspection Report from the named nursery, government expectations and my findings from other sources. HM Inspectors of Schools have responsibilities which include raising and improving standards and quality of the service offered by settings through self-evaluation, and they do this by inspection of premises and the service these premises provide. They work within the National Care Standards, Scottish Executive (2006) which is underpinned by The Child at the Centre, HMIE (2007) and the performance indicators within. Part of their inspection includes looking at the overall leadership in the nursery setting and using government advice to rate the standards of leadership within the setting. In the named Integrated Inspection Report, the opening statement comments: The headteacher provided excellent leadership. HMIE, (2008) and this shows how this early years establishment has followed government expectations to build on good practice and deliver a professional, caring, quality service of education to children and parents who use this setting. HMIEs comments towards the headteachers leadership reflect the performance indicators laid down in The Child at the Centre HMIE (2007) and these indicators expect settings to have standards of: 9.1 Vision, values and aims 9.2 Leadership and Direction 9.3 Developing people and partnerships 9.4 Leadership and improvement and change These performance indicators help settings to aim for excellent practice through leadership and self-evaluation and encourage professional reflection using the same themes as How Good is our School and The Journey to Excellence and are used to build plans and guide any actions for improvement there be. HMIE (2007) Hay (1997) believes the successful running of a nursery setting relies on someone who portrays a combination of both management and leadership skills. Leadership qualities include being able to influence others to meet goals, not because the leader has asked them to do so but because they want to do it whereas management qualities would include the necessity to get things done constantly and routinely. Hodgkinson (1991) cited by Hay (1997) I agree with Hay (1997) that a combination of skills are required for the efficient running of a nursery and in order for settings to reach the government expectations whilst carrying on with the daily routines, they would need to secure the help and shared focus from colleagues and this can be accomplished by effective leadership and teamwork. Effective teamwork can have a positive impact on the routines of daily life in the setting and if everyone in the team have the same shared focus and they are all engaging in professional reflection and self-evaluation of the quality of service they are providing, the quality of service will not be compromised. Rodd (2006) believes good teamwork is important for meeting the requirements of early education settings and cites Ebbeck and Waniganayake (2003) comments of building effective teams is fundamental to early childhood practice. The headteacher in the report has shown how effective her leadership is by receiving positive comments of her leadership skills. I believe she has been able to achieve effective leadership through building and nurturing a high standard of teamwork within the practice. This was done by using her interpersonal skills of communication, motivation and inspiration, Rodd (2006) and by empowering her team to work with her with the same high standards and aim for the same objective she has succeeded in achieving high-quality teamwork. HMIE (2008) Rodd (2006) believes that this human resource management is typical of an early childhood leader and she cites Taylors (2005) argument that a leaders own behaviour, their actions, beliefs and values, will determine how they are seen by their colleagues and how this behaviour will be rewarded. Leaders can determine whether or not their team will work with them or work against them and being a positive role model can help bring your team together and reach the objective. It is clear in this report that this leaders direction allows her team to work alongside her as they all have the same commitment to the continuous improvement of their setting. This includes their own personal professional development and also relates to the performance indicator 9.3 Developing people and partnerships HMIE (2007) The report comments on how the staff in this setting have the opportunities to continue in their own development through training courses, leadership support and self-evaluation. Another key element of effective leadership is having the ability to allow the personal development of others and use this ability to improve the quality of the team and the service they provide. Rodd (2006) Performance Indicator 9.3, HMIE (2007) states how an important feature of effective leadership is to develop positive working relationships with others and to have the ability to delegate roles and responsibilities within the setting. This can be done through continuous development of staff and relates to the National Care Standards, Standard 12, Confidence in Staff, Scottish Executive (2006) where it states a setting has an effective system for identifying and monitoring staff development needs. Hay lists another of Hodgkinsons views of differences between manager and leader as managers being more concerned with material resources rather than human resources. The leader in this setting is highly involved with her team showing excellent human resource management by allowing each member of the team to develop through on-going training and personal development without impacting on daily routines and allowing team members to use their own individual abilities and talents to benefit the group. Through effective teamwork, leaders can share with her team knowledge and skills, provide support and helpful feedback and in return gain the trust and support of the group and continue to produce a high standard of service. Dawson (2000) HMIE (2008) report that the staff in this setting were fully involved in systematically reviewing, evaluating and improving the nursery. This positive involvement helps to produce the high quality service that this setting provides and also relates to Standard 14 of the National Care Standards, Well managed Service. Scottish Executive (2006) Effective leaders will work with the team, examine their setting and holistically reflect with a view to change or improvement. This reflection will include analysing individual actions, actions of the group or individuals, routines or policies and most importantly analysing if the childrens learning experiences are adequate and can help an early years setting to move forward in terms of the quality of service provided. This setting does this through staff, children and parent involvement and they have received positive comments from HMIE. Reflective practice also relates to The Child at the Centre, 9.4 Leadership and improvement and change and the Codes of Practice for Social Service Workers and Employers. Staff in this setting are all registered with Scottish Social Services Council and work within the Codes of Practice, a list of statements describing professional conduct and practice expected within any setting. I agree with Rodd and Hay that effective leadership requires individuals to be equipped with both management and leadership skills and qualities. The successful, efficient running of an early years setting requires leaders to be able to balance factors of work, legislation and quality in the setting with the commitment to look after the people they need and work with.

Qualitative Tests Used For Carbohydrates Biology Essay

Qualitative Tests Used For Carbohydrates Biology Essay Carbohydrates are an essential component of our diet and an important source of energy for us. Most of the things generally included in our diet have a large ratio of carbohydrates present. Also the patients suffering from Diabetes excrete huge amounts of sugar in their urine which needs to be estimated. The purity of carbohydrates can also be checked by methods which can qualitatively estimate particular sugars. Hence the need for carbohydrate estimation arose. We have been estimating carbohydrates qualitatively since school time but it was just confined to observing a colour change or a coloured precipitate to detect the presence of a carbohydrate. None of us ever thought that these qualitative tests are highly sensitive and provide much more information than just detecting the presence of a sugar. In this study conducted, two qualitative tests used for carbohydrates were studied: Benedicts test and Seliwanoffs test. Benedicts test is a test used for detecting the presence of Reducing Sugars. The test was performed using Glucose which is the most common reducing sugar. Sucrose was used as a negative control. Different concentrations of glucose were tried ranging from 1.6 M to 1.6 mM and from 4% to 0.25%.Also along with concentration the amount of sugar was varied to find the sensitivity limits and the limitations of the test. The result of Benedicts test is usually a brick red precipitate but with some modifications different colours of solutions and different amounts of precipitate could be observed with slight variation in the concentration and amount of sugar. This suggests that this test being Qualitative is not only an indicator of the presence or absence of a reducing sugar but can also be used to roughly estimate the concentration of sugar present. It can be very useful in estimation of the concentration of sugar present in the urine of diabetic patients. Seliwanoffs test is a qualitative test used for distinguishing between Aldoses and ketoses. Ketoses form a cherry red condensation product whereas Aldoses react to form a blue-green condensation product, which may further change to a peach product. The test was performed using fructose as the sample sugar. Various concentrations of Fructose were used ranging from 4% to 0.01% to find the sensitivity limits and the limitations of the test. The test appeared to be sensitive even at 0.01% showing a very faint red colour. There was a huge variation in the intensity of colour obtained at different concentrations of sugar. But the drawback of the test was that the red colour of the solution was not stable. It intensified with increase in the duration of time. 2. INTRODUCTION Carbohydrates are the most abundant bio molecules on Earth. Each year, photosynthesis converts more than 100 billion metric tons of CO2 and H2O into cellulose and other plant products. Certain carbohydrates (sugar and starch) are a dietary staple in most parts of the world, and the oxidation of carbohydrates is the central energy-yielding pathway in most non-photosynthetic cells. Insoluble carbohydrate polymers serve as structural and protective elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants and in the connective tissues of animals. Other carbohydrate polymers lubricate skeletal joints and participate in recognition and adhesion between cells. More complex carbohydrate polymers covalently attached to proteins or lipids act as signals that determine the intracellular location or metabolic fate of these hybrid molecules, called glycoconjugates. .Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis. Many, but not all, carbohydrates have the empirical formula (CH2O)n; some also contain nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulphur. There are three major size classes of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides Classification Carbohydrates can be classified on the basis of the various characteristics they possess. They can be classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms in the sugar chain, the terminal functional group in the chain, the number of sugar subunits and the reducing activity of the sugar units. Depending on various basis they are of several types: A. According to the number of carbon atoms in the sugar chain: 1. Trioses: contain 3 carbon atoms (e.g. glyceraldehyde). 2. Pentoses: contain 5 carbon atoms (e.g. ribose). 3. Hexoses: contain 6 carbon atoms (e.g. glucose). B. According to the terminal functional group in the sugar chain: 1. Aldoses: contain terminal aldehyde group (-CHO) (e.g. glucose). 2. Ketoses: contain terminal ketone group (C=O) (e.g. fructose). C. According to the number of sugar subunits: 1. Monosaccharides: Monosaccharides, or simple sugars, consist of a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit. The most abundant monosaccharide in nature is the six-carbon sugar D-glucose, sometimes referred to as dextrose. 2. Oligosaccharides: Consist of short chains of monosaccharide units(2-10) joined by characteristic linkages called glycosidic bonds. The most abundant are disaccharides, with two monosaccharide units. e.g. sucrose (cane sugar), which consists of the six-carbon sugars- D-glucose and D fructose. 3. Polysaccharides: The polysaccharides are sugar polymers containing more than 20 or so monosaccharide units, and some have hundreds or thousands of units. Some polysaccharides, such as cellulose, are linear chains; others such as glycogen, are branched. Both glycogen and cellulose consist of recurring units of D-glucose, but they differ in the type of glycosidic linkage and have different properties and biological roles. . D. According to the reducing activity of the sugar unit: Carbohydrates that can undergo oxidation are called reducing sugars. This depends on the presence of an exposed carbonyl group. 1. Reducing sugars: Certain sugars with a free carbonyl carbon can be oxidized by oxidizing agents such as ferric (Fe3) or cupric (Cu2) ion. The carbonyl carbon (anomeric carbon) is oxidized to a carboxyl group. Such sugars capable of reducing ferric or cupric ion are called Reducing sugars. e.g. lactose, maltose. 2. Non-reducing sugars: Sugars like sucrose contain no free anomeric carbon atom since the anomeric carbons of both monosaccharide units are involved in the formation of glycosidic bond. Therefore it is a Non-Reducing sugar. 2.1 Biochemical Tests for Carbohydrates The biochemical tests for carbohydrates can be divided into two categories: Qualitative Tests- These tests are performed to detect the presence of carbohydrates in a test sample. They are also used to detect the type of carbohydrate present. There are different types of qualitative tests for different types of carbohydrates. e.g. Fehlings and Benedicts test for reducing sugars, Seliwanoffs test for ketoses, Iodines test for starch,Bials test for detecting pentoses etc. They are not very sensitive as compared to quantitative tests and cannot estimate the exact amount of carbohydrates present but show some difference in the observation with variation in the amount of carbohydrate hence, can be used to make a rough estimate of the amount of sugar present. Quantitative Tests- These tests are the advanced form of qualitative tests and can be used to estimate the amount of carbohydrate present in a given sample. These tests use particular chemicals which form coloured complexes with sugars which can then be read at certain wavelengths using a spectrophotometer. Their absorbance can then be used to estimate the exact amount of carbohydrate present in the sample. e.g. Anthrone test, DNS Method, Phenol- Sulphuric Acid Method etc. 2.11 Qualitative Test Flow Chart for classifying an unknown carbohydrate A. Molisch Test Molisch test is used to distinguish between carbohydrates and non- carbohydrates. It is the preliminary test used to detect the presence of carbohydrates in a sample. Principle It uses concentrated sulphuric acid as a Dehydrating acid which dehydrates all carbohydrates to form Furfural or 5-hydroxymethylurfural from reaction of sulphuric acid with pentoses and/or hexoses. These products condense with ÃŽ ±-naphthol to yield a purple condensation product. B. Iodine and Potassium Iodide Test This is a test used particularly to detect starch and glycogen. Starch gives a blue-black colur with potassium iodide whereas glycogen gives reddish-brown colour. Principle Starch contains ÃŽ ±-amylose, a helical saccharide polymer, and amylopectin. Iodine forms a large complex polysaccharide with the ÃŽ ±-amylose helix, producing a blue-black colour. Simple Oligosaccharides and Monosaccharides do not form this complex with Iodine. Thus, the I2/KI test can be used to distinguish starches from other carbohydrates. C. Bials Test Bials test is used to distinguish between pentoses and hexoses. Principle This test uses concentrated hydrochloric acid as the dehydrating acid and orcinol with a trace of iron(III) chloride as the condensation reagent.. Pentoses subjected to the test yield a blue or green condensation product, while hexoses yield a muddy brown to grey condensation product. Pentose Dehydration Product Blue or Green condensation product (Furfural) Hexose Dehydration Product Muddy brown-Grey condensation product (5-hydroxymethylfurfural) D. Seliwanoffs Test Seliwanoffs test is used to distinguish between aldoses and ketoses. Principle This test uses 3N hydrochloric acid as the dehydrating agent as resorcinol as the condensation reagent. When mixed with Seliwanoffs Reagent, Ketopentoses react within 2 minutes to form a cherry red condensation product. Aldopentoses react after 2 minutes to form a blue-green condensation product, which may further change to a peach product. Fructose Hydroxy-methyl Cherry-Red Complex Furfural Identifying Reducing Sugars All mono and disaccharides with a free aldehyde or keto group act as reducing agents in alkaline solutions. The reducing properties of sugars are dependent upon the presence of actual or potential aldehyde or ketone groups. The enolization of sugars under alkaline conditions is an important consideration in reduction tests. The ability of a sugar to reduce alkaline test reagents depends on the availability of an aldehyde or keto group for reduction reactions. A number of sugars, especially disaccharides or polysaccharides have glycosidic linkages which involve bonding between each group, and hence there is no reducing group on the sugar; such as the case for sucrose, trehalose, inulin, glycogen, starch, and dextrin. In the case of reducing sugars, the presence of alkali causes extensive enolization especially at high pH and temperature. This leads to a higher susceptibility to oxidation reactions than at neutral or acidic pH. These sugars, therefore, become potential agents capable of reducing Cu+2 to Cu+, Ag+ to Ag and so forth. Reducing sugars can react with many different oxidizing agents. Fehlings test, Benedicts test and Barfoeds test have been used to distinguish between monosaccharides and disacc harides Monosaccharides fluctuate between a ring open form and a ring closed form. The ketone (-C=O) group, for Fructose and the aldehyde group (-CHO), for Glucose in the ring open forms can be reduced using these tests. Some sugar units in disaccharides also fluctuate between a ring open form and a ring closed form. These disaccharides are also reducing sugars because the ring open form has a ketone or aldehyde to react. Sucrose is one of the few disaccharides that do not have a ring open form so it is a non-reducing sugar.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ Ring Open Fructose and Ring Closed Fructose Ring Open Glucose and Ring Closed Glucose Reducing Sugars are oxidized by copper (II) ions. Benedicts reagent and Fehlings Reagent are mildly basic solutions whereas Barfoeds Reagent, a mildly acidic solution. The presence of red copper (I) oxide precipitate indicates that the saccharide has reduced the copper (I) ions. E. Fehlings test Principle Fehlings test uses a mixture of fehlings solution A and B. Fehlings solution A consists of copper(II) sulphate dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid. Fehlings solution B is sodium potassium tartarate dissolved in dilute NaOH. Both the solutions are mixed in equal proportions and used as fehlings reagent. This reagent is used as a general test for detecting reducing sugars. A reducing sugar reduce copper(II) ions to copper(I) oxide, forming a red precipitate. CuSO4Cu++ + SO4 2 Cu++  + Cu+ Glucose (Reducing Sugar) Cu+Cu2O (red precipitate) Cuprous Oxide F. Benedicts test Principle Benedicts test uses a mixture of copper(II) sulphate, sodium citrate, and sodium carbonate in a mildly basic solution. This reagent is used as a general test for detecting reducing sugars. A reducing sugar reduce copper(II) ions to copper(I) oxide, forming a red precipitate. CuSO4Cu++ + SO4- (Copper Sulphate) (Cupric Ion) (Sulphate Ion) 2 Cu++  + Cu+ Glucose (Reducing Sugar) Cu+Cu2O (red precipitate) Cuprous Oxide G. Barfoeds Test Benedicts test gives positive test results for all reducing sugars. However, not all reducing sugars react at the same rate. With different oxidizing agents, disaccharides are considerably less reactive compared to monosaccharides. A positive Barfoeds test result is similar to that observed with Benedicts solutions. Monosaccharides give positive Barfoeds test results within 2-3 minutes, while disaccharides do not react under the same conditions. Principle Barfoeds test uses copper(II) ions in a slightly acidic medium. If the reaction time is carefully monitored, this test can be used to distinguish reducing monosaccharides from reducing disaccharides. Reducing disaccharides cause the formation of copper(I) oxide after approximately 10 minutes. (CH3COO) 2Cu + 2H2O 2 CH3COOH + Cu(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 CuO+ H2O 2CuO  +Cu2O (red precipitate)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Glucose) Reducing Sugar 2.12 Quantitative Tests A. Determination of Total Carbohydrate by Anthrone Method Principle Carbohydrates are first hydrolysed into simple sugars using dilute hydrochloric acid. In hot acidic medium glucose is dehydrated to hydroxymethyl furfural. This compound forms with anthrone a green coloured product with an absorption maximum at 630 nm. HCl anthrone Carbohydrate furfural/hydroxymethyfurfural Green product (630 nm) B. Phenol Sulphuric Acid Method for Total Carbohydrate Principle In hot acidic medium carbohydrates are dehydrated to furfural/hydroxymethyl furfural. This forms a green coloured product with phenol and has absorption maximum at 490 nm. H2SO4 phenol Carbohydrate furfural/hydroxymethylfurfural Green product (490 nm) C. Determination of Reducing Sugars by Nelson-Somogyi Method The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. Principle The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartarate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide is formed. When cuprous oxide is treated with Arsenomolybdic acid, the reduction of molybdic acid to molybdenum blue takes place. The blue colour developed is compared with a set of standards in a colorimeter at 620 nm. Cu2O+ Arsenomolybdate Molybdenum Blue (Cuprous Oxide) (500 nm) D. Estimation of Reducing Sugar by Dinitrosalicylic Acid Method This method is an alternative to Nelson-Somogyi method. It is a simple, sensitive and adoptable method during handling of a large number of samples at a time. However,  enzymatic  methods are usually preferred to DNS due to their specificity. Principle 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid   is an  aromatic compound  that reacts with reducing sugars to form  3-amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid, which absorbs  light  strongly at 540  nm. 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid 3-amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid E. Determination of Glucose by Glucose Oxidase Method Glucose is a widely distributed simple sugar with an active aldehyde group. Estimation of glucose by glucose oxidase gives the true glucose concentration eliminating the interference by other reducing sugars. Principle Glucose oxidase catalyses the oxidation of alpha-D-glucose to D-glucono-1, 5 lactone (gluconic acid) with the formation of hydrogen peroxide. The oxygen liberated from hydrogen peroxide by peroxidase reacts with the O-dianisidine and oxidises it to a red chromophore product. Glucose + O2 H2O2 + Gluconic Acid (glucose oxidase) H 2O2 + O-dianisidine Red-coloured product (peroxidase) (540 nm) 3. MATERIALS REQUIRED I) Stock Solutions Glucose 1.6 M Glucose 4% (w/v) Sucrose 0.1 M Fructose 4% (w/v) II) Reagents Benedicts Reagent Step 1-Dissolve 173 g sodium citrate and 100 g sodium carbonate in about 500 mL water. Step 2-Heat to dissolve the salt Step 3-Dissolve 17.3 g copper sulphate in about 100 mL water and add it to the above solution with stirring and make up the volume to 1 L with water. Seliwanoffs Reagent Dissolve 0.05 gm resorcinol in 3N hydrochloric Acid. III) Miscellaneous Water Bath Test Tubes Clamps Conical Flasks Beakers Containers Test tube holders 4. METHODOLOGY 4.1 Benedicts Test Step 1- Pipette out 1 ml of glucose solution in some test tubes so that there is a triplicate for each set. Step 2- Pipette out 1ml of Distilled Water in one test tube which serves as blank and 1 ml of Sucrose solution (0.1M) in another which serves as a negative control. Step 3- Add 2 ml of Benedicts reagent in all the test tubes. Step 4-Transfer all five tubes to the boiling water bath provided and record the time for the appearance of precipitate. Step5- Make a subjective analysis of the colours observed. A scale of + to +++++ can be used to record the depth of the colour, from lightest to darkest. 4.11 Effect of variation in Carbohydrate Concentration (in M) The concentration of glucose was varied from 1.6 M to 1.6 mM keeping the reaction volume constant to 3 ml. The upper and the lower sensitivity limits and the optimum molar concentration of glucose was found for the test through subjective analysis. 4.12 Effect of Reaction Volume The reaction volume was reduced from 3 ml to 1.5 ml for all the concentrations of glucose ranging from 1.6 M to 1.6 mM to find any difference in the sensitivity range and the optimum molar concentration of glucose for the test. 4.13 Effect of variation in Carbohydrate Concentration (in %) The concentration of glucose was varied from 4% to 0.25%. Also the reaction volume was changed and the analysis was performed in two sets. The volume of reagent used was 5 ml whereas the volume of samples all concentrations in Set A and B were 50ÃŽ ¼l and 25ÃŽ ¼l respectively. 4.14 Effect of variation in Sample Volume The volume of glucose was varied for the same concentrations 4% to 0.25% to see the changes in the colour of solution obtained and at the same time find the upper and lower limits at which the test still remains sensitive. The analysis was performed in 6 sets with the following volumes of glucose: 200ÃŽ ¼l, 100ÃŽ ¼l, 50ÃŽ ¼l, 25ÃŽ ¼l, 12.5ÃŽ ¼l and 6.25ÃŽ ¼l. 4.15 Effect of Reaction Volume on the results obtained. Of the various sets tried 5 ml of Benedicts reagent and 200ÃŽ ¼l of sample gave the best results. To verify the consistency of results obtained the reaction volume was reduced. The analysis was performed in two sets. Set A with 2.5 ml of reagent and 100ÃŽ ¼l of sample and Set B with 1.25 ml of reagent and 50ÃŽ ¼l of sugar sample. 4.2 Seliwanoffs Test Step 1- Pipette out 1 ml of fructose solution in test tubes so that there is a triplicate for each set. Step 2-Pipette out 1ml of Distilled Water in one test tube which serves as blank. Step 3- Add 2 ml of Seliwanoffs reagent in all the test tubes. Step 4-Transfer all tubes to the boiling water bath for 2.5 mins. Step 5- Make a subjective analysis of the colours observed. A scale of + to +++++ can be used to record the depth of the colour, from lightest to darkest. 4.21 Effect of variation in carbohydrate concentration (in %) The concentration of fructose was varied from 4% to 0.015% keeping the reaction volume constant to 3 ml. The upper and the lower sensitivity limits and the optimum concentration of fructose were found for the test through subjective analysis. 5. OBSERVATIONS 5.1 Benedicts Test 5.11 Effect of variation in Carbohydrate Concentration (in M) A brick red precipitate was observed for all the concentrations of sample ranging from 1.6 M to 3.125 mM. But the last concentration of 1.6 mM showed a negligible amount of precipitate. Also once centrifuged the supernatant was found to be colourless for concentrations ranging from 1.6 M to 0.1 M. The supernatant was observed to be blue in concentrations ranging from 50 mm to 1.6 mM. Glucose (M) Colour Intensity 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.012 0.006 0.003 0.001 +++ ++++ ++++ +++++ ++++++ +++++ ++++ +++ ++ + 5.12 Effect of variation in Reaction Volume A brick red prcipitate was observed for all the concentrations of sample ranging from 1.6 M to 6.25 mM. Concentrations 3.125 mM and 1.5625 mM showed a negligible amount of precipitate. For concentrations 6.25 mM to 0.1 M there was an increase in the amount of precipitate observed with the highest amount formed in 0.1 M of sample. For the next two concentrations i.e. 0.2 M and 0.4 M the amount of precipitate formed was almost equal but again reduced for 0.8 M and 1.6 M glucose sample. Also after centrifugation the supernatant was found to be colourless for concentrations ranging from 1.6 M to 0.1 M. The supernatant was observed to be increasingly blue in concentrations ranging from 50 mm to 1.5625 mM. Glucose (M) Colour Intensity 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.012 0.006 0.003 0.001 +++ ++++ +++++ +++++ ++++++ ++++ +++ ++ + 5.13 Effect of variation in carbohydrate concentrations (in %) There was a brick red precipitate observed in for all the concentrations of sample ranging from 0.25% to 4% in both the sets. The highest amount of precipitate was observed for 1% sample but there was no consistency in results seen. Glucose (%) Set Set B 4.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.25 +++ + ++++ + ++ + +++ 5.14 Effect of variation in Sample Volume There was a variation in the colours obtained at different concentrations and volumes of sugar sample used. But sets with 12.5ÃŽ ¼l and 6.25ÃŽ ¼l of sugar did not show any noticeable changes in colour. Glucose (%) Set A Set B Set C Set D Set E Set F Set B Set C Set D Set E Set F 4.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.25 reddish brown brown green greenish blue dull blue brown green greenish blue dull blue green greenish blue dull blue blue blue greenish blue dull blue blue blue blue dull blue blue blue blue blue blue blue blue blue blue 5.15 Effect of reduction in the reaction volume There was no change in the observations due to reduction in the reaction volume. Glucose (%) Set A Set B 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.25 reddish brown brown green greenish blue dull blue reddish brown brown green greenish blue dull blue 5.2 Seliwanoffs Test 5.21 Effect of variation in carbohydrate concentration (in %) A cherry red colour is observed for all the concentrations of fructose used but the intensity of colour obtained decreases with decrease in concentration. The lowest concentration used (0.015%) has a faint red colour. Also the colour of the solution intensifies with time if kept after boiling. Fructose (%) Colour Intensity 4.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.25 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.01 +++++++++ ++++++++ +++++++ ++++++ +++++ ++++ +++ ++ + 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6.1 Benedicts Test 6.11 Effect of variation in Carbohydrate Concentration (in M) It can be observed that 0.1 M is the optimum concentration of sugar for Benedicts reaction with the reaction volume of 3 ml since the highest amount of precipitate is formed at 0.1 M. Also the supernatant obtained after centrifugation is colourless which suggests that the reaction is completed and there is no unused reagent left. Concentrations less than 0.1 M show decreasing amounts of precipitate and the colour of the supernatant is also increasingly blue. This suggests that as the concentration of sugar is lowered the amount of unreacted Benedicts reagent increases which leaves the solution blue even after the reaction completes. 1.6 mM sugar sample shows a negligible amount of precipitate formation which suggests that the reaction is not sensitive for concentrations lower than 1.6 mM. For concentrations higher than 0.1 M the amount of precipitate formed again decreases with increase in concentration which suggests that the concentration is too high as compared to the amount of reagent used and hence no more precipitate is formed after the reaction completes. 6.12 Effect of variation in Reaction Volume The reaction volume was reduced to half but has no effect on the results of the experiment. 0.1 M is the optimum concentration of sugar for the reaction with the reaction volume of 3 ml since the highest amount of precipitate is formed at 0.1 M. Also the supernatant obtained after centrifugation is colourless which suggests that the reaction is complete and there is no unused reagent left. Concentrations less than 0.1 M show decreasing amounts of precipitate and the colour of the supernatant is also increasingly blue. This suggests that as the concentration of sugar is lowered, the amount of unreacted reagent increases which leaves the solution blue even after the reaction completes. 3mM and 1.6 mM sugar samples show a negligible amount of precipitate formation which suggests that the reaction is not sensitive for concentrations lower than 3 mM with a reaction volume of 1.5 ml. For concentrations higher than 0.1 M, the amount of precipitate formed again decreases with increase in concentration which suggests that the concentration is too high as compared to the amount of reagent used and hence no more precipitate is formed after the reaction completes. 6.13 Effect of variation in carbohydrate concentrations (in %) The highest amount of precipitate was formed in 1% sugar sample but there was no consistency in the observations due to incorrect preparation of reagent. During the preparation of reagent instead of mixing Sodium citrate and Copper Sulphate together in hot water they were dissolved separately and then mixed. Also the solution was not made up to 500 ml with distilled water rather measured amount of water was added to the solution to make it 500 ml which made the solution dilute and hence gave incorrect results. 6.14 Effect of variation in Sample Volume Different volumes of sugar were tried for all the different concentrations. There was a variation in the colours obtained. 200ÃŽ ¼l of sugar reacted with 5 ml of reagent showed maximum variation in colours at different concentrations: Reddish Brown, Brown, Green, Greenish blue and dull blue obtained at 4%, 2%, 1%, 0.5% and 0.25% respectively. Sets with 12.5ÃŽ ¼l and 6.25ÃŽ ¼l of sugar volume did not show any noticeable changes in colour which suggest that the volume of sugar solution was not enough for the reaction to take place. 6.15 Effect of reduction in the reaction volume Reduction in the reaction volume made no difference to the variation in colours obtained at different concentrations of sugar which suggests that Benedicts reagent and glucose can be reacted in this ratio in any volume to estimate the concentration of glucose present in an unknown sample. 6.2 Seliwanoffs Test 6.21 Effect of variation in carbohydrate concentration (in %) A cherry red colour is observed for all the concentrations of Fructose used but the intensity of colour obtained decreases with decrease in concentration. The highest intensity is observed at 4% sugar concentration. 0.015% which is the lowest concentration of sugar used gives a very faint red colour which cannot be taken as pos

I am a Wimp :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

I am a Wimp I am sitting alone on the "N" train. I am in my usual spot: back car, second floor, first window seat. It is cold inside. It is wet outside. I'm tired. My thoughts are playing themselves out in-between the lyrics on my walk-man. For Friday, I am mellow. The two sides of my personality are trying to communicate, and I have decided to simply sit down and listen to the conversation. My weekday self goes to high school in Manhattan. I am often tired and try simply to get through the day. I usually do not have fun during the week. I like my friends, but there is no time to have a good time together. I feel inadequate at my high school. Many students do just as much work as I do and make it look easy. My "week" self is often frustrated. In comparison, my weekend self is rested and happy. I leisurely groom myself in the morning. My weekend friends are impressed that I travel so far to get to school. They are impressed that I get good grades. But overall they are impressed that I am allowed to leave for lunch and that I actually go back to classes. My weekend self buys into the hype, and is very proud. I realize part of the equation is location. My weekday self spends its days on Madison Avenue, while my weekend self spends its days in Queens. Even though I have lived my entire life in this neighborhood I have always felt a little out of place. It's a tough neighborhood and I'm not afraid to say I am a wimp. I enjoy the freedoms of the Upper East Side. The only attitude I receive is from rich women who wish teenagers would stop crowding their streets and talking too loudly. If I give someone a look, I am not afraid they are going to follow me or "jump" me. The kids in my neighborhood rarely finish school. Most go to an alternative high school or get their G.E.D. after dropping out. They eventually get decent jobs, but few receive college educations. In the end, few adults in my neighborhood enjoy their jobs. I fear this will happen to most of my weekend friends. Location also affects my identity in other ways. I am a Wimp :: Personal Narrative Essay Example I am a Wimp I am sitting alone on the "N" train. I am in my usual spot: back car, second floor, first window seat. It is cold inside. It is wet outside. I'm tired. My thoughts are playing themselves out in-between the lyrics on my walk-man. For Friday, I am mellow. The two sides of my personality are trying to communicate, and I have decided to simply sit down and listen to the conversation. My weekday self goes to high school in Manhattan. I am often tired and try simply to get through the day. I usually do not have fun during the week. I like my friends, but there is no time to have a good time together. I feel inadequate at my high school. Many students do just as much work as I do and make it look easy. My "week" self is often frustrated. In comparison, my weekend self is rested and happy. I leisurely groom myself in the morning. My weekend friends are impressed that I travel so far to get to school. They are impressed that I get good grades. But overall they are impressed that I am allowed to leave for lunch and that I actually go back to classes. My weekend self buys into the hype, and is very proud. I realize part of the equation is location. My weekday self spends its days on Madison Avenue, while my weekend self spends its days in Queens. Even though I have lived my entire life in this neighborhood I have always felt a little out of place. It's a tough neighborhood and I'm not afraid to say I am a wimp. I enjoy the freedoms of the Upper East Side. The only attitude I receive is from rich women who wish teenagers would stop crowding their streets and talking too loudly. If I give someone a look, I am not afraid they are going to follow me or "jump" me. The kids in my neighborhood rarely finish school. Most go to an alternative high school or get their G.E.D. after dropping out. They eventually get decent jobs, but few receive college educations. In the end, few adults in my neighborhood enjoy their jobs. I fear this will happen to most of my weekend friends. Location also affects my identity in other ways.

A Different Mirror :: essays research papers

A Different mirror: A History of Multicultural America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ronald Takaki is one of the foremost-recognized scholars of multicultural studies and holds a PhD. in American History from the University of California, Berkeley. As a professor of Ethnic Studies at the same university, he wrote A Different Mirror: a History of Multicultural America as a fantastic new telling of our nation’s history. The book narrates the composition of the many different people of the United States of America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a lively account filled that is with personal accounts and the voices of people that were in the past left out of the historical armament, Ronald Takaki proffers us a new perspective of America’s envisioned past. Mr. Takaki confronts and disputes the Anglo-centric historical point of view. This dispute and confrontation is started in the within the seventeenth-century arrival of the colonists from England as witnessed by the Powhatan Indians of Virginia and the Wamapanoag Indians from the Massachusetts area. From there, Mr. Takaki turns our attention to several different cultures and how they had been affected by North America. The English colonists had brought the African people with force to the Atlantic coasts of America. The Irish women that sought to facilitate their need to work in factory settings and maids for our towns. The Chinese who migrated with ideas of a golden mountain and the Japanese who came and labored in the cane fields of Hawaii and on the farms of California. The Jewish people that fled from shtetls of Russia and created new urban communities here. The Latinos who crossed the border had come in search of the mythic and fabulous life El Norte.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ronald Takaki closes his book, a Different Mirror: a History of Multicultural America, with the 1992 Los Angeles racial explosion.

Power of Women in The Grapes of Wrath :: Grapes Wrath essays

Power of Women in The Grapes of Wrath Women are known for as holding families together. When times get rough women are the foundation to the family and help keep things together. A woman poses different qualities that can help keep the family strong. These qualities can be categorized in the four archetypes of a woman. The idea of the woman Archetype is presented by Carl Jung. The first being Mother Nature, the very physical aspect and the second is the virgin, which represents the spiritual aspect of the archetype. The third is the young which who is the physical state while the fourth is the old witch possessing the spiritual side of the woman archetype. The four women in John Steinbecks, The Grapes of Wrath represent these four archetypes and take on responsibilities that in the end help the family succeeds in achieving their dreams. Ma Joad is a woman of strength and hope who is the backbone of the family. She represents the Mother Nature archetype while she posses the physical aspect of guiding the family and staying strong when the family needs her most. Steinbecks shows the importance of ma's character by the syntax usage to describe ma. " Ma was heavy, but not fat; thick with child-bearing and work...her ankles, and her strong, broad, bare feet moved quickly and deftly over the floor", Ma is described with these features to show her strength as a mother who has control and survives through hard situations (95). Her 'bare feet' being close to the earth shows how she takes on a 'Mother Nature' archetype to her character. She is one with the earth just as Mother Nature is. Mother Nature is one that gives birth, produces, sustains life and nurtures her family. All of these archetypes are expressed in ma's character. Even though she is a very strong woman she knows her role in the family. Ma knows when it is her time to help the family and when it is appropriate to step back and let the father run things. It is an unsaid statement but known by all in the family that "ma was powerful in the group" and they look to her for important decision making (133).

Death of a Parent Essay

I believe we are defined by events that happen throughout our lives both passivity and negatively. Most of the events that change people’s paths often happen suddenly in their life and sometimes have long term effects. Whether it is a personal, religious, life style, or even a career change the fact still remains the cause for change was caused by the event. The statements above are true for my life; my life was about to change forever. This is the day I found out my mother had only six months to live, I was only 19 years old. I was picking my mother up from a routine follow-up appointment she had at Keesler Air force Base Hospital in Biloxi Mississippi, on the afternoon of 3 March 1997. I was walking up the steps of the hospital when I saw her walking out her face was pale I asked her if she was ok, her response was no. At this point in time everything went silent she asked me to sit down on the steps but I couldn’t I just wanted to know what was wrong. My mother while holding my hands then told me the results of the test and that she had liver cancer and it was untreatable. I was frozen not knowing what to say I just grab her and held her close and begun to cry. She told me to stop crying because she was going to need me to be strong for her and my brothers, that she wanted her last six months to be happy memories not sad ones. Let’s step back for a moment so I can explain the relationship I had with my mother because it was not your normal one. My mother was so much more to me than just a mom, she was my best friend I told her everything and she told me everything. We spent many late nights talking about everything in life from how our day went to what life would hold for us in the future. My mother was one of those people who never wanted or asked for anything for herself but was one who gave everything and would do anything for her children. When I say her children I don’t just mean her biological ones, she took care and provide for so many more, whether it was local neighbor hood, friends, family, co-workers and sometime even complete strangers who just need help. I remember many nights sitting at the kitchen table with people eating dinner with us who I did not know and many of them I would never see again after that night. My mom would always say we don’t have much but what we do have is sometimes way more than what others have. My mother was the strongest person I ever known, who also had the biggest heart. Two years before we found out she only had six months to live my mother kicked breast cancers ass. At least so we thought until the cancer showed back up in her liver and the doctors only gave her six months to live. At first nothing changed for her life or mine after finding out the bad news in fact she made me promise not to tell my brothers or anyone else. She continued working up to about the last two months. That is when things started to fall apart. The first thing to go for my mother was her memory. I can remember coming home from work and my mother talking to me about going camping like I was five years old. Not knowing how to handle it I just played along with the conversation, it seemed to make her happy. This went on and off for about two weeks and then things really started heading down hill pretty quick. I had to get help from hospice care, to have help taking care of her, because she was basically bedridden and unable to care for herself. Hospice came into our home and set up a medical bed and other medical equipment in our formal living area, this was the open area in our house. At this point I quit my job to take care of her because hospice care was only coming to the house like twice a day the rest was up to me. I had made a promise to her not to let her die in a hospital and I was trying to keep that promise. As the days went on the care became more and more demanding not really physical but mentally. I was doing everything thing for her, from bathing, changing her clothes, and bed pan to forcing her to take the meds she still need to take for pain control. At this point she was no longer able to speak, it seemed like her mind was completely gone just a blank stare. My breaking point was met, I was unable to care for my mother at home anymore she had pretty much slipped into a coma. I had to have my mother moved to the hospital, I couldn’t keep that promise I made her and still to this day I beg for forgiveness from her. She was only in the hospital for three nights before she passed. My brothers and I took turns at night staying with her and my night was night three. That night was a special night, it was her birthday. On the night she passed away we got her a birthday cake and song happy birthday to our mother for the last time. After singing happy birthday and blowing out the candles we each gave her a hug. When it became my turn to give her a hug I told her it was ok for her to go, that we will be ok and I love you. It wasn’t long after that she passed away at the age of 40. Not long after my mother died my life begun to fall apart. I could not deal with people always asking me if I was ok or if I needed anything. I started pushing everyone away and shutting out the ones I love. I needed to make a positive change in my life because my mother would not want me to live this way. So I joined to U. S. Army and left home and everybody I loved. I didn’t really have a plan I just knew I needed my space and this was the only way I was going to get it. In fact I wrote a letter to my girlfriend breaking up with her on my flight to Germany, after I had completed all my initial training. I was completely alone for the first time after my mother died. Not a day goes by that I do not think about my mother and how her passing changed my life. Today I live my life the way I believe she would have wanted me to, with an open mind, trying to see the positives in every situation I find myself in. There are things I wish I would have handled differently when it comes to my love ones I left behind when I joined the Army. My mother’s passing away changed my life in so many ways and has dad a major impact on the way I raise my kids, I do not take the time I have with them for granted. You never know when your time is up, so I say make the most of it and never wait until tomorrow to tell someone you love them.

The Toyota Marketing Strategy

pic Introduction 1. Introduction Navana extra stands as the reliable distri exclusivelyor of Toyota elevator motorrail right smart simple machines in Bangladesh, so we redeem chosen them to trace a masteryful grocery store intend on Toyota political machines. Our argona of concentration was center on on the juvenile representative of Toyota Corolla-GLi. This is the up-to-the-minute cable machine of Toyota Corolla that has been recently launched in Bangladesh by Navana Limited in November 2007 at japan alternate fair in Bangladesh. The stain name Corolla of Toyota is healthful go to sleepn for producing cars for the vulgar populate provided this car is an upgraded pathl of Corolla. pic Comp each profile 2. Company Profile 2a. Company Over suasionToyota Motor society is a multilanded estateal corporation headquartered in Japan. Today, Toyota is the homos tierce prodigiousst manuf puzzle asideurer of political machines. Providing the just ab by relia ble railroad car for its node is the Toyotas specialty. Toyota Motor Corporation recently celeb judged its 70 geezerhood both as a car pay offr and half a century of merchandising cars in America. In 2007 Toyota interchange 8. 52m vehicles and its pro tot up income rose by 20% and bring to hark back $14 billion. Moreoer Toyota is aiming to give 10. 4m vehicles in 2009. In Bangladesh it is the most popular car club to the car characterr and it has both(prenominal) 70% foodstuff sh atomic number 18 in our coun search.It is always interested to aspire the financial aid of the young generation, family mickle, working executives, renovation take unmatchablers, demonstrate cable sector multitude, in unrivaled word stand inly kind of people. Its commissioning is to predict consumer trends and prep ar a business lineup of cars and trucks to capitalize on them. Each professional is expected to f exclusively taboo duration kayoed in the work talking to car acquireers. The Japanese harbor a name for it genchi gen preciselysu go to the guessing and confirm the actual happenings. With Toyota, atomic number 53 issue has never changed that their commitment to the communities where they do business.Toyota spends over billions of billion on R, number, manufacturing, gross r levelue and foodstuffplaceing operations. Over the world they retain gross sales /service offices, financial service offices, R centers, holding smart set, manufacturing facilities, design centers, Hino operation facilities, supplier state etceteratera 2b. History Kiichiro Toyoda, f altogether apart of the toyota Motor Corporation, was born in 1894. His draw Sakichi Toyoda became famous as he artificer of the automatic loom. Inheriting the spirit of inquiry and creation from his father, Kiichiro devoted his entire demeanor to the manufacturing of cars, which was an un drop sexn social movementier at that clock time.In 1933, Toyoda Automatic Loom workings created a forward-looking division devoted to the tpet eccentricum of automobiles under the direction of the founders son, Kiichiro Toyoda. Kiichiro Toyoda had traveled to atomic number 63 and the United States in 1929 to investigate automobile merchandise. subsequently(prenominal) years of hard work, he last-placely succeeded in complemental the A1 double vehicle in 1935. That was the beginning of the history of the Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyoda Automatic Loom Works was encouraged to develop automobile end carrefour by the Japanese regimen and gravel AA passenger car was the commencement exercise appendion model of Toyota in 1936. picReplica of the Toyota computer simulation AA, the starting line cropion model of Toyota in 1936 Toyota Motor Co. was established as an fissiparous and soften c whollyer-up in 1937. The caller-out was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Toyota to a fault owns and endures Lexus and Scion bulls eyes. Toyota is headquartered in Aichi, Nagoya and in Tokyo. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial function with its division Toyota Financial go and in any case creates robots. 2c. reaping Line of Toyota Toyota operates in Bangladesh by Navana Group, under Navana Limited.The return line of Toyotas discolouration refreshful-fashioned cars, that ar commercialiseed by Navana Limited and atomic number 18 operating(a) in Bangladesh ar 1. TOYOTA Yaris 2. TOYOTA Corolla GLi 3. TOYOTA CAMRY 4. TOYOTA Avanza 5. TOYOTA Rav4 6. TOYOTA Fortuner 7. TOYOTA Prado 8. TOYOTA Land cabin cruiser 9. TOYOTA Hilux 10. TOYOTA Dyna 11. TOYOTA Hiace 12. TOYOTA Coaster pic legitimate commercializeplaceing fleck 3. Current grocery store placeing land site in that location is a huge market for automobile constancy intercontinental. In this global earth people contain to slip away with another(prenominal) (prenominal)s each and e genuinely last(predicate) minute. Transportation is one way that facilitates chat.The market prerequisite for cars rise and fall time to time, notwithstanding the demand never cast to the ground. The current market situation of cars is a little uns defer for the fact that oil scathe has risen signifi usher outtly worldwide that has resulted in a decrease of car sale worldwide. The kindred has overly touch on the East Pakistani market. Different car dealers have reported that car sale has dropped signifi basistly from last year, 2006-2007. in that location is also a rise in the car out-of-pocket to increase in greet of yieldion. The vane damage has risen signifi nettly worldwide. Japan, Taiwan, importers of steel, be broad 27 to 30% often for leverage steels.In Bangladesh, the governments rules and regulation imposed on import, profession and tax has also ca delectationd the market of cars to decrease. pic Product Profile 4 . Produc t profile 4 a. Mission, Vision, Objectives & Goal Mission The mission is to create a luxury vehicle that could go head to head with the worlds best automobiles. Vision ground b atomic number 18-assed industry standards in operational excellence, market penetration, customer satisfaction and community commitment. Objective Corolla GLi is clear in its object glass to produce the fractions most engaging whimsical alive(p)s while maintaining the crisscrosss traditional repulse bungling.Goal From the outset, it is their goal to develop a luxury flagship vehicle that would be accept as one of the finest cars in the world. 4 b. Products quality and features, design, packaging, brand name, extra run Brand name Corolla GLi Features And Quality ? muscular execution of instrument Responsive and quick to please, the Corolla effortlessly generates the power for driving pleasure, delivering molartly inactive and stable per spurtance. ? Advanced engineering The Corolla generates c apital power, minimizes its environmental impact, and provides warm reassurance. Wti technology establish on driving conditions, it optimally changes the liberal/close timing of the intake valve, bring to change magnitude torque and output, better kindle economy and reduced Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon emissions. ? cram safety body It is comprised of a gamey integrity cabin with front and rump crumple zones that help absorb impact energy in a collision. ? respite The Macpherson strut suspension on the front and torsion beam suspension on the female genital organ were fine-tuned to provide excellent stability and arrest, and ride comfort. keyless entry dodge It lets to throw out and unlock the doors from a distance. ? stargaze roof It incorporates one touch mode and a jam-protected dodge. ? stand spoiler The rear spoiler integrated into the trunk palpebra adds a sporty touch. ? Anti eating away steel rain cats and dogs The extensive use of anti corrosion steel sheeting protects the Corolla from rust, helping it to keep its goods sense of smells for years to come. ? Immobiliser system It provides security against theft. The car smoke totally be started when the ID in the electronic matches the ID tag in the locomotive immobiliser system. Fuel take warning ? Wireless door lock ? Audio AM/FM, CD Changer, 6 spk. ? Child protector ? Brake control valve EBD Design ? exaltedly operating(a) design The ergonomics- base design of the instrument panel with its easy-to-use switches engages the driver, providing substantially-off operation that erects driving enjoyment. Convenient functional features and various integrated storage spaces enhance comfort ? Dynamic and advanced With its dynamic and advanced design creating a eminent quality feeling, the Corolla continues winning hearts and minds decently around the world. Sophisticated presence beginning impressions be compelling. The short-nose, long-deck proportions spirited schooll ight the advanced pub styling. Together with its expensive cabin space, it exudes a distinctive presence. ? Generous expression The enrapturing design creates a feeling of colossal possibility. The wide tread and generous appearance set the spirit level for the spacious cabin. ? clear interior details The Corollas solicitude to details includes the distinctive curved design of the center console, the use of colors and textures, and the quality finish. Brakes Disc brakes on all four wheels, ventilated on the front, argon standard for all grades, giving sure stopping performance. ? Windshield shabu Green Laminated ? Outside rear view mirror ? Color Oxygen demodulator ? Head Rest Front & Rear ? Rear Armrest with Cup holder ? inside Rear view mirror daytime & Night Colors available in Bangladesh ? Super White 2 ? flatw ar Metallic ? Blue Metallic ? turquoise mica Metallic ? Red Mica Metallic ? Grey Metallic ? opprobrious Mica Packaging It creates a spacious, easygoing cabin with excellent headroom, together with large trunk space.Engine The compact, lightweight engine integrates sophisticated technologies, which contribute to its excellent performance and low fuel consumption. Extra serve ? Immobiliser system It provides security against theft. The car heap unless be started when the ID in the electronic matches the ID code in the engine immobiliser system. ? Keyless entry system It lets to lock and unlock the doors from a distance. ? CD changer 4 c. Products seat in the market correspond to other result of the company with BCG fruit matrixBoston Consulting groups (BCG)s reaping grant matrix is a table that gives an idea rough astir(predicate) market offshoot rate comparability to congress market overlap. The market return rate on the vertical axis indicates the evolution rate of the market in which the business operates. And the relative market dole out on the horizontal axis indicates the market circumstances compargon to the other segments. It serves as a measure of the companys effectuality in that market segment For BCG evolution matrix, we have selected four models of Toyota Cars to analyze GLis plaza in market compare to other models. Models are- 1. Corolla GLi 2. Probox 3. Yaris 4. Crown Relative grocery store Share High natural depression merchandise High Growth Rate Low HighLow High Figure BCG Growth hyaloplasm Our analysis on Corolla GLi compare to others is depict below- Star According to our observation, Probox falls into the military posture of Stars in the matrix table. Recently, Probox has pass oned at summit pinnacle in terms of portion outing. That is wherefore their market branch rate is precise(prenominal) racy as well as market function. From the Bangladesh perspective, the demand of this car has increased so the company is trying to hold this position inquiry Mark Corolla GLi falls under the category of this position. Because it is totally a radicalfound brand in Bangladesh, but has got very rapid sale within a short period of time. Therefore, their market increment rate is in the noble position. On the other hand, as a tender brand market share is non so spirited work now. Cash Cow When market growth rate is low along with high market share indeed the intersection point fall under this category. From our come in of view, Yaris falls in to this position. Because present market growth rate of Yaris is not that much high compare to other though their market share is high. Dogs In this position, both the market growth rate and market share is low.According to our observation, Crown falls into Dogs position in the matrix table. This is the model, which has less demand in Bangladesh that is why their market share is also low. 4 d. Market divider process Market segments are large identifiable groups within a market. There are four basic bases for segmenting consumer market. These variables mint be hire singl y or in combination. These are- 1. Geographic sectionalization 2. demographic sectionalisation 3. Behavioral part 4. Psychographic section Now, considering Corolla GLi, we find that they also segment their market into groups found on the above divisions. For this segmentation process, first off they study the market and customers demand.They complete this process by analyzing the competitors mathematical products, segmentation as well as customers demand. The process is depict below- Geographic segmentation It is the process of dividing the market into disparate geographical units, such as country, city, nation, state, region etc. The company quarter operate in one or few geographic areas, or operate in all but net attention to local variations. From Corolla GLis point of view that they segment their market ground on Country In bon ton to covert the whole worlds market they launch their product in different countries. To do so, in 2007 they first launch this model in Bangladesh. metropolis After selecting the country, they betoken those cities where they find much customer demands and demands. They actually select the cities later analyzing the purchase power, living standard and so on. Demographic Segmentation In this segmentation the market is carve up in to groups on the basis of variables such as age, family size, smell cycle, gender, income, line of credit, education etc. These variables are the most popular bases for distinguishing customer groups. From corolla GLi point of view, they segment their market viewing on income and occupation mostly and others have less affect in this segmentation part. As we know that they firstly go for market study to know customers demand as well as their defile power.For this purpose, they patsy those customers who have high income as well as in top position in their occupation to match whether they ignore afford this car or not. Behavioral segmentation In this segmentation secureers are divided in to groups on the basis of their knowledge, attitude toward the product, use of, or response to a product. The mienal variables are occasions, benefit, user status etc. If we olfaction at the Corolla GLis segmentation process, we shadow see that they mainly digest on benefit variables and customers attitude toward the products. In benefit variables consumers actually look for products quality, services, economy, and speed. Therefore, corolla GLi is providing high quality, extra ordinary services along with high economic pass judgment to sports meeting the customer demands. further more(prenominal) roughly customers attitude is to prefer mark products. They are basically quality job people not monetary encourage sensitive. Psychographics segmentation In this segmentation the market is divided in to groups on the basis of emotional state-time appearance, face-to-faceity and social variety. As we have mentioned earlier that GLi is a mark product targeting the focal ratio class people so social class, life style, and mortal-to- slightlybodyity fetch an important role in this segmentation. The people who are in the upper class and lead a he wearyic life style they hope such reference of car that represent their status, image and compliment in the society. hither corolla GLi holds all the characteristics that make satisfy these groups of customers.In addition, the customers who are am patchious, outgoing, demanding, tyrannical and want to turn in a whimsical image may also buy this car as a token of attractiveness. Thus these four basic separate of segmentation process helps them to identify the meet customer demands and market. 4 e. Target market selection process After the segmentation process marketers identify one or more selected areas to enter into the market, this is known as target market selection process. There are different patterns of target market selecting. These are- 1. star segment concentration Producing one product for one selected market. 2. Selective speciality crack different product for different market. Here, one sector can be covered by other. 3.Product/service specialization hitering one product for all groups of people in rig to minimize cost. 4. Market specialization Offering different product for one selected market. 5. sufficient market coverage Marketers try to cover full market by whirl different products for different market. After analyzing the quintuple patterns of target market selection, we can maintain that Corolla GLi follows the hit segment concentration. Because- ? They take int have any other sub model of GLi. It indicates that they are producing lone(prenominal) one product. ? Also they are producing this product targeting only one group of people, which are the upper class people.From Corolla GLi point of view, they select their target market by considering the customers demand like- what feature, design, and benefit they want. Last of all, they try to match these with the customer ability and purchasing power. As it is mentioned earlier that they are side by side(p) single segment concentration so the benefits for selecting this pattern are mentioned below- ? Through the Single segment concentration, marketers gain a unbendable knowledge of the segments need and achieve a strong market presence. ? With the help of Single segment concentration they can increase their sale, which can earn a high return on its investment. 4 f. Types of Consumer style get Behavior is the decision processes and acts of people obscure in buy and utilize products.There are four usual types of acquire sort based on the type of products that intends to be purchased. These are- Complex buy appearance It is a buying behavior where the individual purchases a high look on brand and seeks a lot of nurture before the purchase is made. In this process, emptor first develops belief close the product hence develops attitude active the product and lastly makes a thoughtful choice. conformation-seeking buying behavior It is a buying behavior where the individual likes to shop around and experimentation with different products. Here brand transformation occurs for the sake of variety rather than dissatisfaction and look for cheaper set.Dissonance-reducing buying behavior It is a buying behavior when buyer is highly involved with the purchase of the product. There exists little remnant between existing brands, so customers bewilder confused. Habitual buying behavior It is a buying behavior where the individual buys a product out of habit e. g. a daily news melodic theme, sugar or flavor etc. After analyzing the above point it is quite clear that Corolla GLi car buyers are side by side(p) complex buying behavior, because they are highly involved in purchase and sensible of probatory difference of opinion among brands. We know that this car is expensive, risky and self- expressive so buyer buy infrequently.Furthermo re, this type of customers buy car by differentiating the products with other significant brands like- Mercedes, BMW. Here, Corolla marketers also compare their product with BMW, Mercedes. Mainly, customers are concern intimately brand not price so they look for brands benefits and quality, which depart show the symbol of pride, status in the society. 4 g. step in the consumer buying behavior Consumer Buying Behavior It refers to the buying behavior of nett consumers- individual and households, who buy goods and services for in the flesh(predicate)ised consumption. There are five steps by which consumer buying behavior pass with- Fig Steps of consumer buying behaviorLikewise, to buy Corolla GLi consumers may through all the steps. These are explained below- Need Recognition In this step a consumer require cognisant of a worry or need. As we have mentioned earlier that Corolla GLi is a car of status, reputation, image and so on. When people reach that level where they feel to have such a prestigious car, they are in the need recognition stage. So they want such a brand new car, which leave behind higher up their position in the society as well as match with their societal status. reading Search When customers become communicate of the need, they go for study search. They can collect culture from various sources, such as personal, commercial, man sources etc. In personal sources, they can collect reliable information from their friends and others who have Corolla GLi or may know well about this car. ? They also can go for visiting Toyota show rooms in drift to collect more stainless information, which refers as commercial sources. ? Print & electronic media, advertisement, billboard, Internet etc can also act as public sources in order to provide information to customers. Evaluation of Alternatives In this stage, the consumers form preferences among the brands in the choice set. After completing the information search stage, customers look fo r competitive brand information by which they can evaluate the brands with each others.Here customers also evaluate Corolla GLi with other brand new cars and try to find out significant differences among them. They compare the brand image, features, services, speed, design, and other facilities and benefits among the alternatives. corrupt Decision After completing the evaluation process, the select the most preferred brand which is suitable for them and and so they square up to buy the product. In the scale of Corolla Gli, by and by evaluating all the alternatives the pick Corolla GLi as it is fitted from all perspective. Attitudes of others who already have Corolla GLi, plays an important role to take the purchase decision. And then go for final consumption. Post-purchase BehaviorAfter purchasing the product, consumers will experience some level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. In the case of Corolla Gli, consumer may try to figure out their satisfaction level. Whether the cars sensed performance is satisfactory or not. 4 h. Product Life cycle stage determination pic Corolla GLi was launched in November 2007 in Bangladesh it went through the introduction stage with not bad(p) success and now it is in the growth stage the features, quality and brand name of the car are attracting more and more authorization buyers day by day. 4 i. drum analysis SWOT stands for internal Strengths and Weaknesses and remote Opportunities and panics.It is used to gauge the degree of fit between the cheekss strategies and its product and to purpose ways in which the organization can profit from strengths and opportunities and shield itself against weaknesses and nemesiss. pic Strengths ? Brand new product ? It represents luxurious life style and symbol of status. ? Showing reliability by the company name Toyota. ? Using WT-i technology Weakness ? Since it is one of the models of corolla so some people may have misperception about GLi as a new brand. ? Because of t he mentioned savvy also GLi still dont have own Brand image. ? No product line and variation in model. Opportunities ? Offering product, which is equivalent to other luxuries car. ? Attracting new customer by providing quality product. Threat Entrance of new competitors. ? Government regulations (new or revised). pic price for Corolla Gli 5. Pricing for Corolla Gli 5a. worth A firm sets prices when it develops a new product, when it introduces its veritable(a) product into a new dispersal bank line or geographical area, when it adds new features in the product, etc. Price is the only element in the merchandising motley that generates revenue the other element generates cost. Price is considered as the major determinant of buyer choice especially in the poorer nation and with commodity type products. Companies set their prices in different ways based on cost, esteem, competitors, customers, etc.Each price system is different from the. Cost based determine strategy is where the organization set prices based on cost of production with that get a certain markup is added for the profit and the product is interchange. Competitors based determine strategy depends on the price of the competitors what they would charge for the product for this pricing strategy the organization either charges same or low price than the competitors. 5b. Pricing strategy of Toyota Corolla Gli Toyota mainly follows cost based pricing strategy for the entire car it manufactures for the luxurious car it follows both cost based pricing strategy and protect based pricing strategy.They deliver the cling to promised by their take account proposition and the customer perceives the measure. To elapse and enhance sensed value in buyers mind Toyota uses other exchange mix elements such as denote and sales force. Value based pricing depends on the product performance, quality, features, customer service, etc. For Corolla GLi Toyota uses both cost based and value based pricing st rategy as this is one of the most luxurious cars of Toyota. Navana is the only importer in Bangladesh who buys Corolla GLi from Toyota. Initially when the car was launched it was sold at a price of 1950000 taka but now as avocation fee has increased and international currency fluctuated the price of Corolla GLi is now 2250000 taka.For the pricing of this car Toyota is also following other pricing strategies they are price skimming strategy which is they are charging maximum price as it is a new product, the demand of this car is already present in other countries and the buyers are also willing to pay any price to buy this car. It is following allowance pricing which is charging high price for the high quality car . It is also following the optional product pricing e. g. for with the car Toyota is providing a luxorious comfortable interior with whip seats, cd player, etc. Therefore concluding price is determined with all these strategies asset the cost of import, duty fee, the cost of freight and the markup of Navana. pic Distribution for Corolla Gli 6. Distribution for Corolla Gli 6a. Distribution or location strategy Most producers do not sell their goods now to final consumers they use bring or market intermediaries to deliver their product to the ultimate consumers. By using intermediaries the cost of the producers and their number of dealing decreases. 6b. Channel dynamics Conventional exchange system- manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer work as unconditional system. No one has control over the other. Each member of the channel has separate objectives. Vertical marketing system- all the members of the channel work as a incorporate team. Hybrid marketing system- when the product is sold by using more than one channel 6c. Distribution of Toyota Toyota has electrical distributors in well-nigh any country. In Bangladesh the main distributor of Toyota is Navana. Navana performs many functions of Toyota. They gather information about possible and current customers of Bangladesh about the government policy and other external factors and communicate the information to Toyota. They make people of Bangladesh aware of the new cars their features and benefits e. g. to prove Corolla Gli Navana used write media, internet, etc for advertisement. They communicate with the customers directly and sell the cars.As Toyota uses in force(p)-in-time approach to some extent they depend on their distributors as the distributors provide them information about customers demand or about the cars of the competitors and Toyota produce their cars thence. Toyota and Navana together follows the Vertical marketing system where they work as a unified team. If Toyota wants to launch a new car in Bangladesh they provide Navana with all the information about the car Navana then analyzes the current marketing situation about the competitors and orders as per demand which is then delivered after 5months through shipment. Navana is an exclusive distri butor of Toyota they are given full authority to sell the cars of Toyota. pic Promotional tools 7. Promotional tools Every company has to sell their products to their desire customers. For that they need to communicate with them.In this circumstances every company use some promotional tools to sell their product. As Toyota interchange specialty product GLI car, they are also using some promotional tools to capture more and more market share. 7 a. Objective of promotional activity Toyota has some certain objectives undersurface their promotional activities. Those ares- ? Giving information about the product ? Whats new in features and benefits ? Trying to create brand value of GLI ? Ultimate increase of market share 7 b. Promotional tools of corolla GLI Toyota using three basic promotional tools to promote Corolla GLI. ? announce ? personalized selling ? read marketing AdvertisingAdvertising is the paid form of non-personal presentation by an individual organization to promote their products towards their customers. Toyota gives advertisement of their product through different media to promote their products towards their customers. Toyota using paper and bill board for their advertising. They go for billboards which are situated in Bijoy Shoroni, Manik Mia Avenue, Kamal Ataturk Avenue, Gulshan 1 & 2, infront of Shonargoan Hotel, Dhanmondi 27, Newmarket. In Chittagong Newmarket, Port city, Nasira bad and Kulshi etc. personalised selling Toyota using personal selling tools to sell and promote corolla GLI. Personal selling is the direct way to connect with customers. Toyota first introduce GLI in Japan trade fair, its a way of personal selling.Also Under personal selling they go for corporate selling and they target bank and company high ranked personalities to buy their product. Its a very effective form of selling corolla GLI. Direct marketing Direct marketing is another tool that used by Toyota to aware about GLI to their customers. Direct marketing is way of marketing where, there are no physical contacts with the customers. They did E-mail campaign to promote GLI as direct marketing. 7 c. Media used by Toyota As Toyota wants to sell their product GLI, they use some media to provide their message to their desired customers. Toyota uses both personal and impersonal parley channels to promote GLI. ? Personal communication channelsPersonal communication channels involve two or more person communicating directly with each other face to face, person to audience, over the phone or through mail, where company get the opportunity to obtain feedback from customers etc. To promote GLI Toyota uses face to face, person to audience and mail as personal communication channels. Also word of babble behavior acting as personal communication channel. ? Nonpersonal communication channels Nonpersonal communication include media, aureole and event, where no face to face communication occur. Moreover no opportunity to get feedback from the cust omers. Toyota uses print media, bill boards, car show etc as nonpersonal communication channel. 7 d.Media budget One of the most concentrated marketing decision is determining how much to spend on promotion. There are some common modes of determining media budget. Those are affordable method, percentage on sales method, competitors parity method and objective and task method. From these Toyota is using a combine approach of affordable and objective-task method. entirely before that they are estimating the budget depending on product life, quantity and brand value. For GLI, Navana the authorized distributor of Toyota budgeted 20-30 lakh for the current year. 7 e. Advertisement effect on sales Toyota marked GLI as a boffo project in Bangladesh.To become prospered Toyota is doing a lot of promotional activities. They also found positive effect on their sales from their promotional activities. As a result they able to sell three hundred to 350 Gli car within 8 months. Its a great achievement in term of selling luxury sedan. Toyota is very successful in term of their promotional activities. Also they use different types of promotional tools to become successful in Bangladeshi competitive car selling market. pic paradox Identification Car is marked as specialty product and also comprehend as luxurious product in our country. So its a bit difficult to maintain a luxurious product like Toyota GLI in every segment of marketing.Although its a very successful project of Toyota in Bangladesh but they faced some problems. 1. Perceived value of corolla in customers mind Customers of Bangladesh perceived that corolla is a brand of common people. As GLI is a sedan of corolla segment, customers perceived that its not a high mark car. Although it is a corolla segment car but it is a high grade car of corolla then other corolla cars. As customers think it is a common brand car they dont want to buy it on that amount of value. So its become a huge marketing problem for c orolla GLI. 2. Brand name GLI Basically GLI doesnt have any meaning. But customers want to know the meaning of it.So it creates some sort of problem to give the prim answer of meaning of GLI. 3. High price GLI is a car of high grade, so its a high price car. As more people wants to buy affordable car they dont want to buy it at a high price. Also some dont want to buy a corolla branded product at a high value. So the high price of the car creates some sort of problem. 4. Off stock pitch time Toyota uses Just in time inventory system. So they manufacture product only on demand. If the stock of GLI car comes to an end then it needs 120 day to delivery the product again through shipment. So off stock delivery time is a problem of Toyota for any car as well for GLI. 5. Rapid growth of competitors high branded carsPreviously, the Bangladeshi car market was captured by Toyota. But in term of luxurious and high branded car, now Nissan, Honda and Mitsubishi entered the market with a great deal. So market becomes competitive and its a new problem for Toyota in Bangladeshi market. 6. Import of recondition cars ample amount of recondition cars are merchandise from Japan to our country. So the new branded cars are loosing their appeal in the market. 7. tender car import and duty law of nature and regulation Car import and duty law is very unstable in our country. It creates hazard for the company to do their business smoothly. Toyota is facing some problems regarding GLI. They are also trying their best to solve those problems.Moreover they marked these problems positively and from the GLI experience they will able to avoid these hazards for their up glide slope projects. 9. Recommendations 1. Customers perceived value- To overcome this situation marketers need to increase the brand value of Corolla GLi. They can increase brand value by adding more features than other Corolla cars, or even compared to the competitors same level cars. They can utilize the brand equi ty of Toyota cars that prevails in the market. They can highlight the brand GLi besides Toyota Corolla. They can evidence GLi from other Corolla. They can differentiate GLi from other Corolla line extensions by bring out the existing features.They can introduce new designs in terms of color, body kits etc new features and also extra facilities. 2. High price- As the price of Corolla GLi is high to overcome this situation marketers can add more value to the product rather than cutting the price. They can have value addition to the product- a. perceived value in terms of brand image. b. tangible value- marketers can introduce new features and design by producing new colors, body kits etc. They can avail more extra facilities and benefits in the car. 3. Though the counseling philosophy of Toyota that is the Just-in- time approach is not a current problem but rather is referred as a potential problem in the long run.Our pass would be to study and be informed about the market demand all the time to avoid any situation of being out of stock. 4. The rapid growth of competitors branded cars is a great threat to Toyota worldwide as well as in Bangladesh. The marketer should always be aware of bringing in, what are the benefits that will be available etc and plan accordingly to reduce the threat of being out of model or even out of market. References & Bibliography www. amartoyota. com www. toyota. com www. toyotahistory. com www. toyotacarzone. com Marketing Management-Philip Kotler 11th edition, Prentice manor hall Advertising Principle & Practice William surface and Sandra Moriarty, 7th edition, Prentice Hall. www. bdnewspaper. com - Star (Probox) Question Mark (Corolla GLi) Cash Cow (Yaris) Dogs (Crown) High Low Involvement Involvement pregnant difference Between brands Few difference Between brands Complex Buying Variety Seeking buying Habitual buying Dissonance Reducing Buying Purchase Decision Post-purchase Behavior Evaluation of Alternatives training Search Need Recognition clipping Product Develop- ment Introduction Profits sales Growths Maturity Decline Losses/ Investments ($) gross sales and Profits ($) GLi