John Stuart Mill And Liberalism Essay

John Stuart Mill (May 20, 1806, Pentonville, England – May 8, 1873, Avignon, France) was one of the greatest and most influential liberal thinkers of the XIX century and also a famous political economist and a Liberal Member of Parliament from 1865 to 1868 (Plank). As a prominent thinker, Mill introduced a new doctrine of liberty and can be considered as a first-rate liberal and a second-rate utilitarian (Reeves). John Stuart Mill (Source: httpwww. liberalinternational. orgeditorial. aspia_id=685) Conceived for the first time as a short essay in 1854, Mill’s famous and enormously influential book On Liberty that he published in 1859 is considered one of the founding philosophical works of classical liberalism and also one of the most fundamental texts on the concept of liberty. In the book which concerns social and civil liberty, the philosopher explores the nature of the power that society can legitimately exercise over individuals, and advocates their moral and economic freedom from the state (John Stuart Mill; John Stuart Mill: Political Philosopher). The most important point and basis for liberty made by Mill in his book is that â€Å"Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign†. Individuals exercise their sovereignty both through their judgment and actions. The main ideas that Mill explains in his On Liberty could be grouped into the following sections. 1. Mill opens his treatise by pointing out that the government is a â€Å"dangerous weapon† if it is not appropriately controlled and if its authority is not limited by the liberty of the citizens. In this way, Mill suggests, citizens will be ruled by a government whose rule is guaranteed against oppression and tyranny. However, at a given stage society develops into democracy â€Å"Page # 2† which does not fear tyranny any longer but where the majority can easily criminalize or marginalize a minority group of society and encroach on their rights or liberty. Mill calls it the â€Å"tyranny of the majority† and believes it is much worse than the tyranny of government because it is easier for individuals to be protected from a tyrant than â€Å"against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling†. He saw a danger of the old repression of despotic rulers being replaced by â€Å"despotism of custom†. Rules of conduct, thus, would be based on the majority opinion and there would be no protection in law against its tyranny (John Stuart Mill). He emphasizes that social tyranny is the greater danger than political tyranny for modern nations such as Britain (Heydt). As in Mill’s view the prevailing opinions within society are not necessarily the correct opinions on the one hand, and an individual has the right to choose whatever preference for his moral beliefs on the other hand, Mill concludes that this situation is wrong and unjust. In this case, individuals will be harmed, then their sovereignty over themselves will be impaired (John Stuart Mill). 2. Mill argues for a need of rational principle that would govern individuals within society, and thus introduces and explains his so-called harm principle which is supposed to regulate the limits of intervention in an individual’s actions. Individuals can act as they wish as long as their actions do not harm other individuals. Society should not intervene if the action affects only the individuals that undertake it even though these individuals are harming themselves. In Mill’s view, in a civilized community society has the right to legitimately exercise power over any individual against his will only in order to prevent harm to others. However, Mill distinguishes two categories of â€Å"harms†. If an individual fails to pay taxes, rescue another drowning individual, or appear in court to give evidence, then these acts (which he calls acts of omission) should be qualified as harmful and may be regulated. But if individuals give their consent to take risks without fraud or force, for example, by accepting unsafe employment offered by others, this is not considered as harming them (acts of commission). â€Å"Page # 3† In this case, society is not allowed to intervene except when individuals sell themselves into slavery (John Stuart Mill). 3. Children can’t take care of themselves and may instead harm themselves unintentionally. That is why, Mill explains, they do not have sovereignty over themselves, the harm principle can’t be applicable in this case and society is allowed to interfere with them against their will. Barbarians fall into this category, too. Mill states that barbarians can’t be sovereign over themselves and that despotism over them may be justified in cases when the end result is the improvement of their life. But as soon as they become more civilized and have the capability to decide for themselves, they must be given liberty from the government and its tyranny. Good examples of this, Mill illustrates, are Charlemagne and Akbar the Great who compassionately controlled and â€Å"helped† barbarian nations better manage their lives (John Stuart Mill). 4. According to Mill, human liberty includes several components without which individuals can’t be truly free: †¢ Individuals are free to think as they wish, and to feel as they do (the freedom to opinion and of speech). Mills argues that the freedom of speech is necessary for social progress because allowing people to freely express their opinions and ideas, even if they are false, is useful for two reasons. First, in an open exchange of ideas individuals are likely to understand that some of their beliefs may be erroneous and will thus abandon them. Second, in the process of debate individuals reaffirm their beliefs and prevent them from turning into mere dogma. Mill believes that it is important for individuals to understand why their beliefs are true (John Stuart Mill). †¢ Individuals are free to pursue tastes however â€Å"immoral† they may be considered by others so long as they are not harmful to others (John Stuart Mill). â€Å"Page # 4† †¢ Individuals are free to meet with other individuals (the freedom of assembly) (John Stuart Mill). 5. Mill believes that religion should be criticized in the same way as are other systems of thought regardless of the offence that such criticism may cause. One of main purposes which governed Mill’s philosophical endeavours all his life was his commitment to replace Christianity with a Religion of Humanity (Carey). 6. Mill’s liberal ideas made him an advocate of the development of efficient local government and associations and he fiercely opposed central control. He argued for the parents’ obligation to educate their children but disapproved of a central education system run by the state (John Stuart Mill). In what concerns individual freedoms, it is quite important to understand that Mill gives the specific justifications for them because he believes they will promote the progress of civilization and will be good for society. Mill does not regard liberty as a standard of value and does not mention any natural rights of individuals in his discussions. Instead he is mainly concerned with the utility of rights and freedoms of individuals for the social progress (John Stuart Mill; John Stuart Mill: Political Philosopher). Many critics point out that Mill underestimated the important role of social order and custom as a source of security or freedom. His liberalism is also weakened in the eyes of other critics who do not share his extremely optimistic view of human nature. They are particularly pessimistic about his rosy belief that it is humans’ conditioned engagement in a continuous attempt to achieve personal development that results in the existence of diverse personalities and viewpoints (Reeves). Mill is also often criticised for justifying the right of one developed nation to exercise despotism over other underdeveloped nations (or â€Å"barbarians† as he calls them) on the grounds that it brings them the benefits and advantages of higher civilization (John Stuart Mill and Liberal â€Å"Page # 5† Imperialism). Despite criticism, the remarkable greatness of Mill lies in his readiness and willingness to combine both his thoughts and actions. He was a progressive philosopher who was ready to go to jail for his beliefs. It is not surprising then that six years after he published his great book On Liberty, he decided to stand for parliament in order to better implement his beliefs. His most known initiatives include the introduction of an amendment to the Reform bill in a successful attempt to give women equal voting rights; his relentless pursuit of Governor Edward Eyre for having brutally suppressing an uprising in Jamaica; his fierce opposition to the suspension of habeas corpus in Ireland; his successful campaign against an attempt to prohibit demonstrations or meetings in public parks, and many others (Reeves). By and large, Mill’s career as a liberal politician could be regarded as a relative failure. His performance was usually acclaimed, but he often found himself in opposition to the aims and wishes of his electors. He was quite reluctant to compromise with his own principles just to get support of his electorate, and this resulted in his failure to be re-elected in 1868 (John Stuart Mill: Political Philosopher). 200 years after his birth, Mill’s liberalism is still relevant(Source: http://www. prospect-magazine. co. uk/article_details. php? id=7439) Mills was aware that On Liberty as well as many others of his philosophical works raised several important problems, such as the tyranny of â€Å"uniformity in opinion and practice† which would be more faced future generations than were by his own and that some critics believed that these problems were exaggerated because they were looking more at contemporary facts than at existing tendencies (Reeves). It may be argued that the issues that Mill was interested in and consistently dealt with in his time are without a doubt still relevant and important today (Plank). BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Carey, G. W. The Authoritarian Secularism of John Stuart Mill. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. nhinet. org/carey15-1. pdf 2. Heydt, C. John Stuart Mill: Overview. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. iep. utm. edu/m/milljs. htm 3. John Stuart Mill. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill 4. John Stuart Mill and Liberal Imperialism. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. antiwar. com/stromberg/s051802. html 5. John Stuart Mill: Political Philosopher. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. john-mill. com/ 6. Plank, B. John Stuart Mill. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. liberal-international. org/editorial. asp? ia_id=685 7. Reeves, R. John Stuart Mill. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. prospect-magazine. co. uk/article_details. php? id=7439

Global Poverty Essay

Poverty is a serious issue that has been going on for centuries. Every day there are people who die due to hunger but there are solutions to reducing, and even stopping, poverty. Global poverty comes in an abundance of shapes and sizes. One of the main sources of poverty is the lack of investment in the future at all levels. The manufacturer outsources to China because he does not want to invest in long-term employees. The government does not want to invest in quality employees through education, infrastructure, health care, etc. The potential employee does not want to invest in his future through education or training, but would rather have immediate gratification of leisure. A second main source is the lack of certain basic government functions. The government needs to be able to provide stability, through laws and establishing property rights. Without these basic things, there is little incentive for the people to develop new products, or work hard, because it will just be taken a way by someone more powerful. I don’t think government is the solution to everything, but it is necessary for a few basic functions. Another main source of poverty (and economic inequality) is because we are very selfish and self-destructive. We are a species that cannot exist without soiling our own nest and devouring our own weak until we ourselves are devoured. We all want to have more stuff for the amount of wealth we have to give up. That means we all are demanding that someone generate more wealth for less than it is worth. Unfortunately, we are willing to take this to extremes. We are more than happy to see all of our neighbours lose their jobs in the mill next door because the super center gets the same item made by slave labour in China. The people at the top are merely making a profit on what we demand they do for us. Poverty hits children the most because they are our future generation and they need to grow up healthy and prosper but most children don’t have this advantage. They should have food and education so they can grow up and become something, push the world forward, but unfortunately those living in poverty don’t have the luxury of this. More than 80% of the population dies of hunger every single year and 22,000 of them are children. There are solutions to ending poverty but if we don’t stop it now it will only get worse. The percentage will double and there won’t be children to bring the world forward because they would have died due to poverty. The infant mortality rate will increase and so will the amount of homeless people.In the political sense there could be an increased risk of war as well as genocide and terrorism. There’s also the possibility of the population migrating to places that are doing economically better than their community. The reason inequality exists is because of the devaluing middle-class workers. No matter how hard they work and how many hours they work; almost all of the profit goes to the executives and shareholders. Until middle-class workers are at the same level as corporations, the income gap will keep widening. There’s also the fact that women get paid less than men in most work places. This just makes matters worse. Unemployment also plays a role because those who are unemployed aren’t making any money at all and the rate for unemployment just keeps rising. It’s these people who are being discriminated against when it comes to the working class and that’s why economic inequality exists and why it’s on the rise. A major effect economic inequality could have is the increase in unemployment. And if unemployment increases then the demand and supply will decrease, thus causing the economy to go down. If people lose their jobs they have no money to pay for certain goods and services and some might not even be able to afford putting food on the table. This will also increase poverty. A possible solution for poverty is getting rid of capitalism. We need to get rid of all forms of physical force being the win/lose system of government, taxation, income redistribut ion and regulation and central banking and have a society based on the division of labour, individual rights and private property. Also, it’s not education or income redistribution that will do it either. The level of invested capital per worker, both foreign and domestic, thus raising the productivity of labour in an unhampered free market government free capitalist system, Prior to the industrial revolution, 95 percent of children died before the age of 5, and since then the world’s population has exploded more than 10 fold. The Chinese economy since 1978 has grown 90 times since the introduction of † a freer more capitalistic market society,† Literally lifting 100’s of millions out of abject poverty and misery. Poverty can probably never be completely eliminated but this could be one possible solution. Another solution could be allowing free trade with these developing countries, and maybe even give them some trade protections for a short time while they develop their comparative advantage. You could probably argue who benefits from poverty from many different angles. I would  tend to say that no one benefits from poverty. Sure, if you can pay some people much less than the natural market rate to produce a good, some people will benefit by receiving some products at a lower price, but this actually isn’t all that beneficial. By paying these people less, they have less money to contribute back to society, so from an economic standpoint, I would say no one really benefits from poverty in the long run. If instead, all countries had free markets, the world would be better off. One more possible solution for ending poverty is helping each other out, especially those living in third world countries. Countries that are developed, like the US, spend all their money on war when they could be focusing on helping other countries out, even helping their poor communities. Children living in poor areas need a quality education. They need to go to school to gain knowledge and life skills and how to reach their full potential which will help them out in the long run. There needs to be new schools built and the barriers that are preventing children from going to school (especially girls) needs to be broken. Without the proper education, these countries won’t be able to improve their situation. Countries living in poverty also need health care and safe drinking water. If we can help provide these things for these countries they could eventually come out of the poverty because it’s hard to start a business or provide for a family when they’re busy looking for their next meal and some water. We can also help these countries by letting them come out of it themselves. We can lend them financial aid but having people from over here go over there to build the schools and hospitals only hurts the country. They need to be provided with jobs and they need to learn how to help because that is the only way they will get economically stronger. There needs to be access to food, water, health facilities, transportation, roads, education, daycare and many more infrastructures in each community to allow people in those communities to work effectively and productively. We have tried this in countries such as Africa and nothing came of it but that’s because we weren’t doing it right. We believed that we were helping them when, in fact, we’ve only made their situation worse. We need to be more conscious of what’s going on and how to help properly instead of trying to throw money around. We need to participate and push for change if we really want to make a difference and reduce poverty as well as economic inequality. It won’t be easy but it will definitely be worth it.

Basics of collective bargaining and its effects within globalisation

Basics of collective bargaining and its effects within globalisation a. What may McDonalds have considered in order to establish their approaches to collective bargaining in both Germany and the UK? To answer the above question we first need to know about basics of collective bargaining where Collective Bargaining is defined as the process of turning disagreements into agreements in an orderly fashion. Collective bargaining is the process followed to establish a mutually agreed set of rules and decisions between unions and employers for matters relating to employment. This is a regulating process dealing with the regulation of management and conditions of employment. Collective bargaining is used as the negotiation process between employees and employers with unions acting as the representatives of employees. The entire process depends on the bargaining powers of the concerned parties. The process of collective bargaining is to settles down any conflicts regarding the conditions of employment such as wages, working hours and conditions, overtime paym ents, holidays, vacations, benefits, insurance benefits etc. and management regulations. Players involved in collective bargaining: Employees Management Corporate organization Unions In line with the above definition McDonald’s may have considered the approach and settings of collective bargains as an important issue of employee relations. The German setting and approach McDonald’s may have considered establishing their approaches to collective bargaining in Germany: The traditional collective approach to Employee Relations (ER) in German companies is deeply rooted in the particular configuration of the German Industrial Relations (IR) system. This is characterized by a high degree of regulation and a dense, encompassing institutional infrastructure that imposes a uniform set of institutional constraints on companies, but at the same time provides incentives for employers to accept institutional constraints (Lane, 1995; Soskice, 1994). McDonalds, to establish its appro aches to collective bargaining this ER and IR framework may have been considered in first instance. In addition, the institutional structure is highly integrated with strong linkages, not only within the IR system, but also to the wider German businesses system. Key elements of the German model, to which the majority of German companies subscribe, are the centrally co-ordinated sector based collective bargaining system and employee representation at domestic level via the works council system equipped with statutory participation and consultation rights. Food industry in Germany is not beyond this mechanism where McDonald’s considerations regarding collective bargaining approach must have encompassed with statutory participation and employee consultation and codetermination rights. Indeed, German employers have to negotiate a densely structured institutional framework inside and outside the company level. The German approach to collective bargaining is also underwritten by st rong labor market legislation and an elaborate welfare system. Despite growing interest in individual bargaining style direct employee involvement mechanisms, their uptake has so far been comparably modest in German companies (Sperling, 1997). Because of the wide ranging rights of information, consultation and co-determination in the German food industry, the use of individual voice mechanisms is relatively unimportant in the German setting where collective bargaining still has the paramount influence. Therefore, in the international context, McDonald’s may have considered a propensity to support a collective approach to ER in their international operations by recognizing trade unions, engaging in collective bargaining and establishing strong workplace level employee representation systems.

Root Cause Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Root Cause Analysis - Research Paper Example Teachers who line up students by gender affirm that both boys and girls should be treated differently. Culture is defined as the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, institutions, products of human thought and work, arts and beliefs (Sadker, 1994). Cultural competence is a set of values, congruent behaviors, beliefs and attitudes which enable people to work effectively in cross-cultural situations, as defined by Sadker (1994). Culture has a significant effect on how girls from different ethnic backgrounds learn, and instead of being seen as having distinct cultures, its presumed girls are the same as boys but just need a little help (Sadker, 1994). Implicit cultural assumptions of the school culture have often been imposed to those of other cultures. For example the Euro-American culture of research and communication, that supports cultural etiquettes which regulate appropriate expressions, is a strategy that works for a set of students and the same is true for other c ultures. Understanding of labeling results if not sorted out, miscommunication may arise when the cultural etiquettes cross unfamiliar range. ... Learning that educational performance and ability is not as important as being popular, is how girls are socialized today (Reay, 2001). Unlike boys, girls begin to define themselves at an early age. A study of a grade three classroom tested four types of girls in the class: the tomboys, spice girls, nice girls and the girlies. Through interviews conducted, researcher Diane Reay discovered, tomboys played sports with the boys, spice girls espoused girl-power and played ‘rate the boy’ on the play ground, and girlies were a group of girls who spent their time writing letters to and flirting with boys. Her research shows each group of girls defines their own femininities in relation to boys. (2001). By tolerating different behaviors from both girls and boys, the Reay study further shows how socialization of the girls occurs. Adults negatively view assertive behavior of girls as being disruptive. In Reay’s research, contrary to traditional femininity, the fact that the spice girls asserted themselves differently, it made them subjective to being labeled by their teachers as stubborn girls (2001). This enhances the notion that, boys who misbehave have the ability to assert themselves, while girls who do, are seen to have some kind of character defect (Reay, 2001). Educators who are not aware of the culture of the African American children for instance define their manners and behaviors as defiant and deviant and thus they do not know how to respond to them. Increase in dropout rates and losses in the time spent on education, are some of the things that happen due to suspension and frequent office visits. Children of color, unlike their white

Social Innovation and the Role of Leadership Research Paper

Social Innovation and the Role of Leadership - Research Paper Example As far as internal validity of the published article is concerned, it is again valid as there are a number of references used within the article. The used references in the paper are cited within the paper. The authors of the article make use of side notes and end notes to refer and explain any ideas or written content that needs description, which makes the article easy to follow. The references included in the paper differentiate in their content type as they are from books, journals and internet libraries. Their publication dates are before 2007 as 2007 is the year of the article itself. The writers have incorporated the written content from different timescales in order to collect different opinions about social innovation as a broad term. At the end of the article, however, a references section is absent that should be a part of academic writing. Only a section with the name of further reading suggestions can be found that informs that the readers of the article can go for addit ional readings if they are interested in the subject of the paper. Along with side notes and end notes, a separate references section should be given at the end that is lacking in the paper. Language of the article is informative and simple as the ideas and theories described by the writers are easier to follow and comprehend. The targeted readers of the article are people related to business, technology, sociology and other fields, youth and all other people as well. The article talks about improvement of societies and their problems so it cannot be restricted to any specific audience of group of people. This article is written for a wider audience. The format of the article is descriptive and formal as the readers can note proper headings with end notes and side notes along with examples that are explanatory. As the title of the article is social innovation, therefore, the writers give detailed and expressive definitions of the title. The article if observed theoretically is quite explicit and evocative and gives a clear picture of the different terms and theories related to social innovation. According to Mulgan, et al (2007), innovation is about ‘new ideas that work’ (8). The writers also explain that social innovation is not business innovation; it is a lot different than business innovation. Social innovation is associated with sociology and accomplishment of social goals. According to the writers, the term social innovation is quite rich in its meaning and is widespread in terms of its peripheries. By judging the article and its explicitly described content, it is quite clear that theoretically, the article is quite clear in its meanings. Leadership: Exploration and Identification The article gives examples of leaders who did innovative works in their respective fields. According to Mulgan, et al (2007), people from different fields who can also be termed as leaders of social innovation such as â€Å"politicians, bureaucrats, intellectuals , business people as well as NGO activists† (14) participated in defining the concept of social innovation and leaders play an effective role in exploring and identifying the concept of social innovation. According to the article, there are four horizons of effective leadership, which are legacy / generational time, long,

Ethics from the dark side PowerPoint Presentation

Ethics from the dark side - PowerPoint Presentation Example ext slide of the PowerPoint explains why people make unethical decisions; it thus, identifies two fundamental factors vis-Ã  -vis individual factors such as the social-economic status of a person and the unique environment such as the workplace as the bottom line influencers. In the following slides the PowerPoint examines the different groups of the factors, which influences individuals to behave unethically, collectively called the psychological traps. It examines such traps as the primary, defensive and personality. Moreover, the PowerPoint examines the various factors enlisted by the Ethics Professional, the Society of Corporate Compliance as the other causes of unethical behaviour. These include the need, opportunity and rationalisation. However, under the rationalisation element the PowerPoint enlists the various rationalisation people give for acting unethically such as the golden generalisation, ethics of surrender, they are just as bad excuse, consequentialism, and the tit for tat excuse. The remaining slides of the PowerPoint explores the different techniques that leaders and managers can employ to manage the aforementioned unethical decisions in their different

Nike Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nike Case Study - Research Paper Example Ballinger was passionate that a company should have a responsibility for its workers even if they are the lowest paid workforce of the company (Spar, 2002). Ballinger was assigned to monitor labor conditions in an Indonesian plant by overseas American companies because he considered that the reason for international companies to prepare a setup in poor countries is to exploit the low-wage labors. This has been true over years that big multinational companies have been shifting their operations to lower wage countries in order to reduce their production cost and collect more profits. The cost of production in America is double the cost of a product which is being manufactured in other countries (Locke, 2002). He claims that Nike has a policy that in order to produce cost effective products, they mistreat their workers and make them work longer hours than required. He believed that even though there were laws for protecting the labor rights, Nike continuously fed the Indonesian governm ent with bribe to overlook their part of misdeed. Ballinger accused Nike that they knew people were dependent on the company and would rarely leave the company, so they mistreated them to get more production with fewer necessities and food provided to the people. Ballinger had strength in his arguments because workers were in a bad situation and when they were interviewed by Ballinger, they agreed with the same (Connor, 2001). Nike’s Response to Ballinger’s Allegations The first response from Nike was clear that their manager said Nike’s not responsible for the actions of their independent contractors. Nike considered that they are not involved in any kind of activity in Indonesia and most likely they would not be responsible for their act. However, Nike asked its public relation officer to draft a code of conduct for its independent contractors (Stoner, 2006). This code of conduct would then be sent to their new contractors in which all aspects of working condi tions of labors, environment regulation and insurance of their workers were addressed. Nike wanted all of their suppliers and independent contractors to agree with all terms that were specified before making any further deal. It was made mandatory that these suppliers would have to give their written consent of their honesty and non-discrimination (Spar, 2002). Nike hired an accounting firm Ernst & Young to conduct an audit of its overseas factories. Auditing would inform Nike with activities of their overseas factories and would identify their problems. But the problem started to mount and criticism had started to rise again with a greater force. Nike denied any act of direct involvement in child labor activity and of worker exploitation. In Washington, Nike was the first company to join Apparel Industry Partnership (AIP) which was aimed to develop reformed labor standards in foreign factories. Nike also included a new department in its company which was known as Labor Practices De partment which role was to monitor labor practices in premises of the factory (Spar, 2002). Recommendations Firstly, Nike should focus on improving its processes in their overseas factories by making strict guidelines and norms for their factories to follow. The company shall motivate their independent

Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planning - Essay Example It is simply identifying the objectives of a company and finding the best ways of how to achieve them. Strategic planning starts from the desired end and its steps go backwards to get to the current status. On the other hand, long term planning begins with the current status and moves forward to meet the desired future needs. According to Adekola et al 2007, strategic planning looks at the big picture, and is flexible in determining its means as compared to other types of planning. At Michal Jones & Company strategic planning has been practiced in various ways. These ways include: pure planning and financial planning. Planning determines where an organization will be in the future, how it will get there, and how the organization will establish itself if it got there or not. Planning serves different functions in Michal Jones & Company. It has provided a clear focus for the organization, therefore, producing effectiveness and efficiency (Burtonshaw-Gunn et al 2009). Planning has also been the reason why the productivity of the organization has increased significantly due to increased effectiveness and efficiency. Planning has also been used in the solving of major problems in the organization. This is because a predetermined problem is solved before its occurrence due to effective and strategic planning. Moreover, at Michal Jones, planning has enabled the creation of a base for the company’s hence all deviations have been corrected to avoid major blows occurring in the organization. For effective planning to be established, the management at Michal Jones & Company has identified the purpose, which happens to be the key objective of the company. Lusthaus et al 1999 argues that, through the use of the organization’s mission statement elaboration has been made to the public and the potential buyers as a whole on what Michal Jones & Company seeks to achieve. The situation has been analyzed and is now an already existing program. Its defects are amended and the viable changes made. Alternatives present at Michal Jones & Company have been identified leading to a variety of ideas, activities, and solutions (Michael Jones & Company 2010). Creativity reigns in an effort to enhance brainstorming and members’ involvement in the formulation of the plan. The resources have been reviewed, and they have been listed down with regard to available time, money, human and physical resources (Paladino 2010). This ensures that the plan formulated conforms to the ability of Michal Jones & Company and not based on mere assumptions. Some of the impediments that have been witnessed at Michal Jones & Company with regard to effective planning are that planning leads to rigidity. This is because the set conditions may change, and this may contrast prevailing conditions at that particular time. When such a point comes by, flexibility is encouraged in an effort to negate the rigidity. Moreover, strategic planning is not easily facilitated in dynamic environments. Strategic planning also entails finances. No company or organization can be able to plan about the future without the knowledge of where to get the finances from (Reading 2004). In essence, finances go hand in hand with the planning strategy. At Michal Jones & Company, finances were solicited from the Banks as loan payable back in interest rates within a period of one year. Financial statements are very important in every

Critical analysis of clinical management plan (CMP) Essay

Critical analysis of clinical management plan (CMP) - Essay Example Typically, following the discussion of the clinical management plan, it is expected that either the independent or supplementary prescriber can write a copy of a plan prior to the beginning of a supplementary process. Additionally, Tomar (2008, 274) accentuates that a supplementary prescriber should take the responsibility of assessing and overseeing the treatment plan in line with the information provided on the clinical management plan; this include prescribing a drug among the drugs that are stated in the clinical management plan. This report is set to analyze critically a clinical management plan with respect to a patient that was initially prescribed the intravenous caomoxiclav after experiencing a dog’s bite; this was followed by a prescription of an oral coamoxicla after the supplementary prescriber found out that the condition had improved. A patient was bitten by a dog, and sustained minor injuries. However, after three days, the patient presented a sustained a punctured wound on the right forearm for a minor injury to the Accident and Emergency department. The wound was associated with a swelling, redness and pain. A diagnosis of the condition revealed that the patient was infected with cellulitis (Allan, Atkinson and Agada, 2013, p.1159). Although a dog bite is normally treated with oral coamoxiclav, the delay in presentation to a minor injury led the independent prescriber to prescribe an intravenous coamoxiclav antibiotic, as well as put lined mark on the redness with a recommendation to return for a review the following day (Asherson, 2011). However, the condition of the patient improved given that the redness and swelling reduced notably; the patient was directed to switch from the intravenous coamoxiclav antibiotic to an oral antibiotic. The patient is a female and office clerk of 30 years. Historically, the pa tient described that he is

Globalization, Australia and the Asia-Pacific Essay Example for Free

Globalization, Australia and the Asia-Pacific Essay In terms of international relationships, â€Å"the end of the second millennium and the start of the third are characterized by two developments of major importance†¦ the successful conclusion of the most ambitious round of multilateral trade negotiations in the history of humankind [and the] proliferation of regional trading arrangements unprecedented at any period in history. † Through it all, Australia has been a major participant in these agreements. Owing to the steady progress of Australia’s economy and politics, it has been involved in all of the international policy-making in that span in history. However, due to these numerous activities, there are different circumstances that require variations of these treaties. Multilateral trade treaties are trade agreements made between multiple nations, over multiple regions, at one time. Although multilateral treaties are generally complex and difficult to negotiate and implement, these treaties are very powerful when all interested parties agree on it. The primary advantage of multilateral treaties is the equal treatment, at least relatively, of all parties, regardless of size or power. Examples of these are Australia’s â€Å"Protocol of 1988 relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea†, â€Å"United Nations Convention on Conditions for Registration of Ships† and â€Å"Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation†. Regional trade treaties are parallel to multilateral trade treaties. Both are generally complex and involve multiple countries. However, they do institute a condition that has both advantages and disadvantages. Regional trade treaties are confined to countries within a certain geographic area, such as the Americas, the Atlantic or, in Australia’s case, the Asia-Pacific region. This comes from the perspective of â€Å"conceiving of the world in terms of structures is what some analytical perspectives in international relations and the social sciences more generally suggest. † according to Breslin. The obvious disadvantage of regional trade treaties is that it would exclude other countries from the agreement. There are, however, advantages that outweigh this negative aspect. Regional agreements would be easier to negotiate since countries within a certain geographic area generally have similar or related economic products, conditions and concerns. Such agreements would also mean that the general concerns of that certain area are given due consideration when viewed by the rest of the international community. Examples are the â€Å"Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific Region† and â€Å"South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement†. Bilateral trade treaties are the simplest and most basic agreements. These are the agreements negotiated exclusively between to countries. Simple they may be, however, â€Å"the pursuit of discriminatory trading agreements is arguably the most dramatic development in intergovernmental relations in the western Pacific since the financial crises of 1997-98†, in Jayasuriya’s view. An example of this is Australia’s â€Å"Treaty between Australia and the Republic of Austria concerning Extradition† Australia resides in the South Pacific area but has a mixed economy in the pattern of many Western countries. Its main exports are coal, gold, coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore and wheat. It has strong relations with countries in Asian, notably Japan and Korea, and Western countries such as Germany and the United States. Bilateral agreements would ensure mutually advantageous situations for Australia and its partner countries. This would go a long way in cementing international political relations as well as economic strength. However, bilateral agreements are limited in their potential to affect great international change. Regional trade agreements would prove to be more advantageous to Australia and the Asia-Pacific region. Their interests would be represented and protected in the international arena. However, the full potential to affect significant change is not realized when only a few countries are involved. Ideally, Australia should prioritize multilateral trade agreements because these are the ones that have to greatest potential to affect positive change in the international community. These are also the agreements the ones that require the most planning and negotiation and should be kept at the forefront for the process to be as quick as possible. BIBLIOGRAPHY Sampson and Woolcock, Regionalism, multilateralism and economic integration: The recent experience United Nations University Press, 2003 Amadeo, Kimberly, US Economy (2005) [http://useconomy. about. com/od/glossary/g/ multilateral. htm] accessed 06/04/08 Treaty Database DFAT online database, accessed: 06/07/08 [http://www. info. dfat. gov. au/info/treaties/treaties. nsf/WebView? OpenFormSeq=2] Breslin, Shaun et al. , New Regionalism in the Global Political Economy: Theories and Case London: Routledge, 2002 Jayasuriya, Kanishka, Asian Regional Governance: Crisis and Change New York: Routledge, 2004

How the Elizabethan Era was Built

How the Elizabethan Era was Built Eva A. Flynn Architecture from during the Elizabethan Era has largely helped to shape architecture in England today. The Elizabethan era began when Queen Elizabeth came into power. This was from vaguely around 1550-1625. There were not a lot of architectural improvements during the rule of Henry VIII because of the lack of money. Money was sparse during this time because the wool trade became less profitable. This caused there to be less extra wealth to expend on architecture. While Queen Elizabeth was ruling over England, she helped the economy to grow by encouraging people to return to farming. England grew wealthier as a result and this allowed more people to have more money. Because England was no longer in debt, there was finally money to spend on architecture (Ross). Hardwick Hall is arguably one of the most important buildings from the Elizabethan era. Hardwick Hall was originally just a small house in the country where Elizabeth Talbot and her family lived (Dm). Later in life, Talbot became Countess of Shrewsbury and was also known as Bess of Hardwick. She was the second most powerful and wealthy woman in Elizabethan England, the first being Queen Elizabeth herself (Alchin 2). Talbot acquired a large amount of wealth when she was older so she hired Robert Smythson, a very influential Elizabethan architect, to redesign Hardwick Hall for her. The building plan for Hardwick hall is essentially a wide H (Dm). Hardwick Hall has four storeys and there are numerous glass windows. There is even an old English rhyme that says: Hardwick Hall more glass than wall (Alchin 2). Hardwick Halls structure follows the trademark Elizabethan design of symmetry. On the inside, Hardwick Hall is very open and dramatic with many different influences, one  of them b eing Italian early Renaissance. Hardwick hall was completed in 1597 but was later restored in 1997. Today, Hardwick Hall still contains most of Elizabeth Talbots original furnishings and artwork (Dm). Even today, Elizabethan architecture is important. Without styles and designs from this era, the world would not contain great masterpieces such as Hardwick Hall and the Globe Theater. Architecture is still continuing to develop in society now. All of the ideas that were brought about during the Elizabethan era have helped architecture across the globe to become more modernized, practical, and even beautiful. Inigo Joness first well-known building in England was the Queens House in Greenwich. Jones was called to England by Henry, the Prince of Wales. The House in Greenwich was built for Queen Anne. Many architects used style ideas from this building to improve themselves (Locher). Building the Queens House in Greenwich is a large part of what made Jones so well known. Inigo Jones was greatly influenced by the Italian architect Andrea Palladio. Jones took multiple trips to Italy throughout his career. These trips largely helped to shape his understanding of architecture. Another building that helped Jones to gain his fame is St. Pauls Cathedral. Inigo Jones remodelled the cathedral and added a more classical style to this buildings Gothic looks. Sadly, St. Pauls Cathedral was burnt down in the Great Fire of London in 1666 (Inigo Jones). Robert Smythson was another influential architect from the Elizabethan era. Robert Smythson commonly used Renaissance designs in his works, but he also added his own style to his buildings (Great British Architects: Robert Smythson). Smythson is said to have created the Cross-hall plan, which is present in Hardwick Hall. The Cross-hall plan is another example of how symmetrical and practical ideas were often used for architecture during the Elizabethan era (Architecture (Elizabethan)). Smythson made sure his buildings were practical while also being aesthetically pleasing. Smythson would construct high basements to allow light to shine into the basements. Smythson was also known to build many staircases in his buildings so that each part of the building would be easy to access (Locher). Robert Smythson worked for multiple great architectural supporters during the  Elizabethan era. Many of his and his sons technical drawings are still present today. In Smythsons drawings, his own pe rsonal designs can be seen. Robert Smythsons sons inherited his practice and carried on his work (Great British Architects: Robert Smythson) During the Elizabethan era house were symbols of where someone stood in the social classes. If you were royalty, you would live in a house of royal works (Kamhi). Since the feudal system was no longer up and running, mansions were not built for practicality and defense. Instead, they were built for luxury and beauty (Alchin 2). Royal works were huge, magnificent homes with many storeys. On the different storeys there were numerous rooms and great halls. The mansions were built on top of stone foundations and there were miles of courtyard and gardens (Kamhi). Gardens in wealthy homes were large and had places to sit and view all of the beautiful flowers featured there. These gardens would seem luxurious even today (Mahabal). High upper-class members, such as doctors and businessmen, lived in great houses. Great houses were similar to royal houses, just not quite as grand, but beautiful nonetheless. Merchants, craftsmen, and tradesmen owned smaller country homes. Country homes were hom ely and inexpensive. Because they were usually owned by merchants and craftsmen who possessed many different materials, not as much money was spent buying items to build them. This usually meant that they were fairly inexpensive. Farm house were for farmers and their families. Unlike the other homes during the Elizabethan era, farmhouses were not for status, they were simply just used as homes to live in (Kamhi). When the Elizabethan era began, the style of buildings switched from Gothic designs to Renaissance designs with symmetrical plans. Another architectural difference during the Elizabethan era was that the horizontal line was accented as opposed to the vertical line (Alchin 2). The Renaissance began in Italy around the 1400s but it moved to England later, during the Elizabethan era which was around the 1500s 1600s (Locher). Dutch influence was intermixed with Renaissance ideas to inspire the Elizabethan details (Ross). Elizabethan architecture utilized ideas from both the Italian and Dutch Renaissance (Mahabal). During the Elizabethan era, architects added chimneys to buildings. Having chimneys made it possible for halls to have ceilings, allowing more floors to be built over them (Manco). One of the most common floor plans for buildings during the Elizabethan era was the E-shaped plan. This plan helped with air circulation and let in sunlight (Locher). In the E-plan, the horizontal sides of buildings were usually the kitchens on one side and living area on the other. The long, vertical line of the E was the main hall and upper floors. The middle horizontal line was the entry of the manor. Some say that the E-plan was a tribute to Queen Elizabeth, but this is not likely to be true. The E-plan probably became so popular due to the fact that it is a practical and symmetrical plan. During the Elizabethan era, practicality and symmetry were largely emphasized (Ross). When viewing buildings from the front, it was noticeable that each side mirrored the other. To keep up the architectural symmetry, chimneys and gables were built on both sides of buildings to exactly replicate the opposite side (Mahabal). Homes in the middle of towns and cities did not have as much ground spac e to build on. Elizabethan architects managed to find a way to solve this problem by having upper storeys of buildings hang out over the street. Buildings in towns and cities were often built very close together and because they hung out over the streets, Elizabethan streets were covered by shadows of buildings usually. England began to prosper under Queen Elizabeth, leaving more money for people to spend on luxurious things. All the new money helped architecture to thrive and become even more beautiful (Ross). Designs were not always flashy and noticeable but there is a subtle beauty to Elizabethan architecture. A very common detail used in Elizabethan buildings was strapwork (Cibelli). This detail was used by many architects during this time. Manors with multiple storeys would feature long galleries. These galleries would be used to display portraits and people would sometimes exercise in them. Oftentimes, windows would be on three sides of the gallery and there was usually a fireplace along the fourth side (Ross). Many fireplaces would have intricate designs, adding to the beauty of homes (Manco). Large windows were also commonly present in Elizabethan homes (Locher). Many Elizabethans would have their windows glazed as another aesthetic detail (Manco). Instead of hanging art on the walls of mano rs, people would sometimes make the walls into their own artforms (Locher). The Globe Theater played a large part in Shakespeares plays during the Elizabethan era. Peter Street designed the Globe Theater utilizing Elizabethan styles and designs. Many of Shakespeares plays were performed at the Globe Theater. The original Globe Theater was destroyed by a fire in 1613 but it was rebuilt again a year later (Architecture (Elizabethan)). While the original Globe Theater had a thatched roof, the rebuilt theater was topped with a tiled roof (Alchin 3). In 1642, the Globe Theater was closed by the Puritans. Then, it was torn down in 1644. A replica of the Globe Theater was built in 1997 still using details from the Elizabethan era (Architecture (Elizabethan)). The actual architecture of the Globe Theater featured ideas from the Roman Coliseum. Some of the architectural designs of the Globe Theater also display Greek details (Alchin 3). Looking back into the Elizabethan era, many have noticed that houses were often torn down and then built new during the Elizabethan era. This was sometimes called the Great Rebuilding (Manco). Houses werent always torn down, though. Some Tudor manors were worked on and improved using Elizabethan styles. New ideas that came about during the Elizabethan era allowed architects to renovate old buildings and make them more practical and more beautiful. Queen Elizabeth is largely to thank for the rise in architecture due to all the money that she helped England gain (Ross). The fact that buildings from during the Elizabethan era are still around today proves that the architects from this period were very skilled and that they built things to stay intact for a while (Alchin 1). Timber was often used for lower classes and upper-class homes were built using stone (Alchin 2). Middle and lower-class homes would have thatched roofs as ceilings (Alchin 1). Thatched roofs would be much cheaper for homes, but also not as safe or durable. Architecture today is definitely not the same as it was during the Elizabethan era. Nonetheless, all of the ideas from architecture during the Elizabethan era have helped to develop the architecture today. Even the famous White House has some details that are present in Elizabethan architecture. The symmetry of its design and its large columns and massive staircases reflect ideas that were important in the Elizabethan era. All of the architects from the Elizabethan era brought different ideas that all helped to shape Elizabethan style. Smythson came up with the Cross-hall plan that is used in Hardwick Hall (Architecture (Elizabethan)). Inigo Jones traveled to Italy and brought many architectural ideas back to England (Inigo Jones). Even the lesser-known architects helped to contribute to the details that made up all of the Elizabethan buildings. Designs from the Renaissance made Elizabethan architecture more classical. Using the E-plan in while building manors and other buildings helped with air circulation and allowed more sunlight to enter the homes (Locher). Size and grandness of homes helped distinguish the differences between social classes (Kamhi). Without the Elizabethan era, architecture today would be extremely different. If a person were to stop and actually analyze buildings and their structures, they would notice all of the little things that greatly affect how our buildings work. Everything from the basements to the ceilings of homes has been developing throughout time. The ideas that became prominent during the Elizabethan era have helped architects today make better buildings, and Elizabethan ideas will continue helping future architects. Works Cited Alchin, Linda. Architecture of Elizabethan Houses. Elizabethan Era. n.p., 2017. Web. March 28, 2017. http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/architecture-of-elizabethan-houses.htm>. Alchin, Linda. Elizabethan Architecture. Elizabethan Era. n.p., February 7, 2017. Web. February 8, 2017. http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/elizabethan-architecture.htm>. Alchin, Linda. Globe Theatre Architecture. Bardstage. SiteSeen Ltd., June 2015. Web. March 28, 2017. http://www.bardstage.org/globe-theatre-architecture.htm>. Architecture (Elizabethan). Digital Board. n.p., March 15, 2012. Web. March 24, 2017. http://digitalbard.lmc.gatech.edu/wiki/index.php/Architecture_(Elizabethan)>. Cibelli, Deborah. The Elizabethan Style. The Art and Architecture of the British Renaissance. Nicholls State University, n.d. Web. February 8, 2017. https://www.nicholls.edu/art-dhc/elizabethanstyle.html>. Dm, Ammar Ali. Hardwick Hall Architecture, Design and History. Architect Boy. n.p., 2017. Web. March 24, 2017. http://architectboy.com/hardwick-hall-architecture-history/>. Great British Architects: Robert Smythson. Country Life. Time Inc., January 15, 2009. Web. March 27, 2017. http://www.countrylife.co.uk/culture/country-house-architecture/great-british-architects-robert-smythson-31128>. Inigo Jones. Architecture. Riba, n.d. Web. March 27, 2017. https://www.architecture.com/Explore/Architects/InigoJones.aspx>. Kamhi, Valerie. Elizabethan Architecture. Elizabethan England. n.p., n.d. Web. March 28, 2017 http://www2.springfield.k12.il.us/schools/springfield/eliz/architecture.html>. Locher, Barbara, et al. A History of Elizabethan Architecture. Elizabethan England. n.p., n.d. Web. February 8, 2017. http://www2.springfield.k12.il.us/schools/springfield/eliz/HistLizArch.html>. Mahabal, Prasad. Architecture Style during Elizabethan Era. Elizabethan Era England Life. n.p., November 2016. Web. February 20, 2017. http://www.elizabethanenglandlife.com/elizabethan-architecture.html>. Manco, Jean. Tudor and Elizabethan Architecture (1485-1603). Researching Historic Buildings in the British Isles. n.p., December 12, 2013. Web. February 13, 2017. http://www.buildinghistory.org/style/tudor.shtml>. Ross, David. Elizabethan Architecture in England 1550-1625. Britain Express. n.p., n.d. Web. February 13, 2017. http://www.britainexpress.com/architecture/elizabethan.htm>.

Seneca Indians: Allies And Enemies Essay -- essays research papers

Seneca Indians: Allies and Enemies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Seneca are among the most respected and feared. The Seneca are culturally similar to their Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, an Mohawk confederates. The five tribes were known as the Five Nations or the League of Five Nations. Sometime between 1715 and 1722 the Tuscaroras from North Carolina joined the confederacy and changed the name to the Six Nations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In their relations with white settlers the Seneca played the role of an independent power and were this way from the very start. During the colonial period they held the balance of power between the French and English. Particulary around the Canadian border. The Seneca opposed the extension of French settlement southwards from Canada, and were responsible for prevention the English colonies from being forced on the west by the French.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the American Revolution the Seneca sided with the British.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SOCIETY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each town in the tribe contained several long, bark covered communal houses that had both tribal and political significance. Inside each house several families lived in semi-private rooms or areas and the center areas were used as social and political meeting places. They lived in scattered villages that were organized by a system of matrilineal clans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A calendar cycle of ceremonies reflected their agricultural, hunting, and gathering. The men hunted, cleared fields, traded and made war. The woman gathered various wild plant foods and tended gardens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They had a great agricultural economy. Their man crop was corn, but they also grew pumpkins, beans, tobacco, maize, squash and later on they grew orchard fruits like apples and peaches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crafts were also made. Fine pottery, splint baskets, mats of corn husk and used wampum as a medium of exchange.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  FAMOUS TRIBE MEMBERS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were many famous Indians from the Seneca tribe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ely S. Parker- His Indian ... ...termined the outcome and the ways of our country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CONCLUSION PAGE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Seneca Indians were a great tribe. Through themselves and five other tribes they formed the Six Nations. The Six Nations were an almost indomitable clan. They participated in the Revolutionary War and in the colonial wars. The tried to keep the French from coming down from Canada into the now United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Seneca had a great agricultural and hunting economy. The men and women each had specific jobs they were to do in order to keep things running.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Seneca was the tribe that was the most intensely studied by the white people. It is also believed that their democratic ways were an influence on the writers of the United States Constitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the famous Indians came from the Seneca tribe. Some were Red Jacket, Ely S. Parker and Cornplanter. There were also many others from their league tribes, the Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and later joiners the Tuscarora.

Intelligence is Key Essay examples -- Art, Celtic Literature

Celtic literature features a full complement of female characters that deserve recognition; from warriors and rulers, to helpmates and daughters. Female characters, like their male counterparts, often have actions motivated by passion. The Morrà ­gan and Macha, act out of anger, disrupting a hero or cursing generations to come. Others such as Fà ºamnach, act out of jealousy, causing a series of events to unfold. However, the women who incite or prompt action due to their intelligence or wit – Rhiannon, Emer, Medb, Nes, and Mac Daa Tho’s Wife – are arguably the most complex and fascinating. Rhiannon purposefully, and with thought, gains the attention of the King Pywll and uses him to avoid an unwanted marriage. Rhiannon appears to King Pywll and his retainers halfway through branch one of The Mabigoni, on three consecutive days, riding a horse that even-paced, no other horse can match. On the third day, Pwyll himself rides after her, only able to catch up after requesting her to stop. They begin conversing and, in a single exchange Rhiannon both declares love for Pwyll and announces her engagement to another. She temps him: â€Å"I have never desired any man, and that because of loving you†, then announces her unavailability (â€Å"Pwyll,† 45). Rhiannon essentially ensnares Pwyll, allying herself with him and ensuring he will turn against her current suitor, Gwawl son of Clud. However, Rhiannon leaves nothing to chance. This strong female character even directs Pwyll’s actions in attaining her hand, and advises him when he blunders. She sets the time and place for her retrieval: â€Å"A year from tonight, in the court of Hyfaidd Hen† (Ford, 45). When her former suitor arrives in the midst of celebration, Pywll rashly promises anything he wa... ...tices that: â€Å"Sleeplessness has come to Macc Da Thà ³Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s house/ He has need of advice but speaks to no one† (Gantz, 181). She suggests that her mind may comprehend what his cannot, and he tells her his blunder, that he promised the hound to two. She suggests that he â€Å"give the dog to both sides- [and] let them fight over it,† (Gantz, 181). This would prevent one party from picking up the hound, and then the other party arriving and attacking him in anger. Though her plan does not go as hoped, she does offer a solution, protecting her husband from blame (the two parties are too engrossed with each other). Celtic mythology features a full complement of women who play an important role. Rhiannon, Emer, Medb, Nes, and Mac Daa Tho’s Wife use their intelligence to help further themselves, to enable those they love, or to protect. They create kings, heroes and alliances.

Pump Characteristics :: essays papers

Pump Characteristics INTRODUCTION In industry, the performance specifications for a particular pump may be known, but the tests are usually based on water as the pumping medium. For liquids of significantly higher viscosity than water, these performance curves may only be accurate at certain flow rates, or they might not be valid at all, and it might be necessary to recalibrate the specifications for higher viscosity liquids. The purpose of this experiment is to examine the performance and characteristics of a centrifugal pump, its motor, and the corresponding piping system, used to pump an ethylene glycol solution. The pump used in this experiment has a performance curve based on water, so pump performance curves, as well as motor performance curves, will be developed over a wide range of flow rates to determine the effect that the liquid viscosity and density have on the performance of this pump. Also, the pressure drop of the piping system will be examined to determine the extent of, if any, fouling in the pipes. OBJECTIVES Â · Develop pump performance curves over a wide range of flow rates. This involves relating total head, horsepower input, efficiency, and NPSH as a function of pumping capacity (in gpm), similar to Figure 3-36A (Lab Manual). Â · Develop motor performance curves over a wide range of flow rates. This involves relating the current supplied to the motor, motor shaft rotational speed, motor efficiency, and the power factor as a function of the load of the motor, similar to the figure on page 21 of the Lab Manual. Â · Develop the friction factor chart for the piping system. This chart shows the relationship between the fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number over a wide range of flow rates, from which the roughness parameter (e/D) for the piping system can be estimated. Â · Determine the optimal flow rate delivered by the pump. This value is estimated by neglecting all of the friction head losses outside the loop of the piping system. Â · Examine the effectiveness of the pump. The performance curves based on the ethylene glycol solution will be compared to those developed using water as the base to examine the effect, if any, the viscosity and density of the liquid has on the pump. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP A process flow diagram of the pump system is shown in Figure 1. The main components of the system are a centrifugal pump with a 4Â ½-inch impeller, a 2-horsepower motor, a piping system with an effective length of about 285 feet, a rotameter for low liquid flow rates (0-2 gpm), a magnetic flow meter for high liquid flow rates (0-90 gpm), and a tank.

Advances in Medical Technology

Composition I 19 Feb 2008 Advances in Medical Technology Medical Technology has developed to a great extent over the course of many centuries. Since the days of Hippocrates, considered the â€Å"Father of Medicine†, advances in the medical field have brought us into a brave new world. With the advent and application of modern technology, the medical field seems to have evolved more in the last 10-20 yrs than in the previous 1000 years.Recently, new ground has been broken throughout the field, involving medical techniques, surgical procedures, and electronic devices. Such advancements have streamlined the practice and science of medicine in the 21st century. One form of advancement in Technology that has simplified the record keeping process for Physicians and Nurses alike is the computerized clipboard.According to Steve Kelly of Phillips Medical Systems, â€Å"The portable, always connected device is designed to require minimal training and provides significant benefits to th e clinical users, helping to reduce medication errors, positively identify staff and patients, fill out charts, capture vital signs, write up reports and validate blood transfusions as well as the ability to closely monitor the healing of wounds (Terry). Terry’s words sum up the benefits of such a device quite nicely. Another concept at the forefront of Medical Technology is that of Bionics.Bionics involves the engineering of â€Å"Synthetic†, or artificial limbs to replace those lost due to accidents or amputation. Bionics, as a whole, is not an entirely new concept. The crafting of synthetic limbs has been practiced for some time, but modern Technological advances have cleared a path for much more realistic, functional, and â€Å"smarter† limbs. The I-Limb Hand, made by Touch Bionics, is probably the most recent example of how realistic these limbs have become in their appearance.As stated by Paul Bright of Touch Bionics, â€Å"Touch Bionics created the I-LIM B hand in hopes to add more functionality for people who wanted more than just a gripping tool†(Bright). In the photo to the left, courtesy of gizmag. com, one of the hands is an implant, and one is real. Thanks to advances in the science of Bionics, it is difficult to tell which one is artificial. Similarly, research into the field of Implantable Biochips has led to innovations in monitoring vital signs and personal information for soldiers on the battlefield.The Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors, & Biochips, Based at Clemson University, is among the leading manufacturers of these Biochips. In an article in Science Daily based on materials provided by Clemson University, it is stated that â€Å"The biochip, about the size of a grain of rice, could measure and relay such information as lactate and glucose levels in the event of a major hemorrhage, whether on the battlefield, at home or on the highway†. Furthermore, we’ve seen advances in Medical Technology co ncerning how surgeries are performed in the 21st Century.As computers become more and more integrated into medical procedures, we can start to envision surgical procedures that are done robotically. One of the latest innovations in Robotic Surgery is the Da Vinci Robot Surgery System, from Intuitive Surgical. An article in Newsweek written by Jennifer Barrett entitled â€Å"Cutting Edge†, states that â€Å"The robotic system has already transformed the field of prostate surgery, for which it was approved in May 2001. That year it was used in less than 1 percent of all prostatectomies. This year more than 20 percent will be done with the robot†(Barrett).Barrett’s remarks indicate that the utilization of such Technology is becoming more prevalent and will most likely be standard practice in the near future. Another innovation of Technology involving portable devices in the field of medicine is the product of research done at the NYU School of Medicine. The BrainSc ope, as it is called, is a handheld device capable of monitoring activity in the brain. The implications of such a device in both Sports and Warfare are quite amazing. When an Athlete or a Soldier is injured, such a device can be used to measure fluctuations in brain activity to indicate the severity of the damage.The brain activity is interpreted in only a few minutes, preventing costly and time consuming trips to a hospital for an MRI. These features allow for faster diagnoses of trauma to the brain, and contribute to faster, better informed decisions following an injury. As stated in an article in ScienceDaily, adapted from materials provided by the New York University Medical Center, â€Å"BrainScope consists of an adhesive strip, containing six electrodes, which are connected to a mini-computer that resembles an oversized iPod.After a suspected head injury, a first responder affixes the electrode strip to the patient’s forehead. The device automatically collects a sampl e of the patient’s EEG and computes a large number of QEEG features, each of which are compared to a databank of normal scores. Within minutes, BrainScope’s color display indicates whether any of the patient’s brain functions deviate from normal†. In conclusion, recent advancements in Technology have brought about vast changes in regards to the practice of Medicine.With the advent of such concepts as Computerized Clipboards, Bionic Replacement Limbs, Biochips, Robotic Surgery Systems, and the hand held BrainScope, the world of Medicine has certainly evolved to meet the new century. Undoubtedly, as we have merely scratched the surface of Computerized Technology and the applications thereof, the potential for the future of Medicine is nothing short of amazing. Works Cited Barrett, Jennifer. â€Å"Cutting Edge†. Newsweek. com 19 Dec. 2005. 25 Feb. 2008 http://www. newsweek. com/id/51510. Bright, Paul. â€Å"World's First Bionic Hand to Now Available t he Public. 18 Jul. 2007. 24 Feb. 2008 http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/318351/worlds_first_bionic_hand_now_available. html. Clemson University. â€Å"Implantable Biochip Could Relay Vital Health Information If Soldier Is Wounded In Battle. † Science Daily 1 August 2007. 25 February 2008 . Kelly, Steve. â€Å"Philips joins Intel to develop wireless, handheld ’Mobile Clinical Assistant†. 27 Feb 2007. 24 Feb. 2008 . New York University Medical Center. â€Å"Experimental Handheld Device Can Detect Subtle Brain Injury Immediately After Concussion. † Science Daily

Analyzing Success in the Stories of Martin Dressler and Robert Irwin Essay

When I first read Martin Dressler: The Tale of An American Dreamer, I thought it was a very inspiring book. It talked about the life of an individual whose hardwok and perseverance took him to the top of his dreams. Well, it can be inspiring in some way. Holding to your dreams and trying your best is one of the main themes of the story. However, after I finished the book, I realized that it was not as inspiring as I thought it is. For me, it is now a book that tells something about the bitter side of life and success. It exposes one of the painful things this world is trying to conceal—that success is the golden crown of an empty heart. From the story of Martin Dressler, I realized that success is not as great as what most of us think and dream of. Success is a traitor that kidnaps the people’s opportunities to be happy with the one they love. Once success has kidnapped you, it will ask for your most precious possession—your family—as its ransom. As Martin Dressler moves to the top of his ladder of success, he also moves down to the pit of his decaying family. Following his dreams was indeed an achievement for him, but it was also the same thing that leads him to a miserable family life. In my opinion, most of us share the same situation with Martin Dressler. I, myself, have also experienced to be kidnapped by success. When I started college, which I consider as one of my greatest achievements because not everyone could have the access to good education, I noticed that I was becoming too busy with my studies that I almost forgot to spend some quality time with my family. I got too blinded with the achievement that I was holding with my hand. During that time, I feared that I might lose the chance to be in college if I would not get serious with my schooling. As a result, I spent most of my time inside my room and in the library studying. Until one day, my mother asked me to have a conversation with her. From that, I learned how fast my relationship with them has changed since I went to college. I realized my mistake and from then on, I incorporated good time management to my everyday life. For me, success can never bring danger if one knows how to manage his time well. Success can never betray you if you know how to deal with it. Another thing that I noticed with the character of Martin Dressler is his great ability to make things happen. If examined, he started barely from anything. His perseverance was very admirable, especially during in his time when only the rich people could afford to put up a business like what he had. On my own opinion, though, hardwork and perseverance is not enough. One’s character is not the only thing that matters when following a dream. A person should not think that he can achieve success by relying solely on his own. He should also consider the people around him. Through building good relationships with people, one can have a better reach of his dreams. Everyone of us is a dreamer. Most of our dreams are actually an American dream. To be successful is not bad. To be on top of our achievements is not selfishness. However, I realized that if we let our dreams to be our masters, the more it is hard for us to achieve them. Our dreams are our navigator to the place where we want to be in the future. But they should never be the center of our life for we might miss the real treasure—our family. Meanwhile, another book shares almost the same things of Martin Dressler’s story—Seeing is Forgetting the Name of the Thing One Sees, presenting the life of the American installation artist Robert Irwin. Although both characters have opposing personalities and were born in two different time frames, Martin Dressler and Robert Irwin still share the same experiences and philosophy in life. Both of their stories are a representation of a fulfilled dream—Dressler in achieving his dream of becoming a successful businessman, and Irwin in achieving his dream of finding the best field where he excels at. The two biographical writers namely Steven Millhauser and Lawrence Weschler, however, used two different approaches in portraying Dressler and Irwin. Millhauser, in his book The Tale of an American Dreamer, has included not only the beautiful and inspiring aspect of Dressler’s life but also the downside effect of the success he achieved. This was not incorporated by Weschler in presenting the life of Irwin. For me, his book simply narrates how Irwin started to have interest in the field of arts, how he became a painter, how he became inquisitive with his artistic limitations, and how he finally got his way to the field of installation art. Reading the first few pages of the book Seeing is Forgetting the Name of the Thing One Sees, I easily got hooked into it. The first part was describing Irwin’s childhood and the people and the kind of environment that mainly influenced him. However, as I continue reading, I felt alienated in the way Weschler describing things on Irwin’s craft. Sometimes, I found myself clueless of what he was narrating. Probably it is because I have no idea at all with some of the jargons in painting and installation art. There were some words that I did not understand and required me to research about them. The book, for me, seems a little bit technical if compared to the book The Tale of an American Dreamer. Analyzing the main character’s life, though, leads me to conclude that his story is nevertheless the same as ours. In some point in our lives, we get confused on which path it is that we really will be taking. Everday, we are confronted with many choices, from the time we awake up to the time we take rest. It then makes me wonder how people make choices, specifically the right ones. What could be their criteria? In my own point of view, people make their choices by selecting the option where they would feel greater happiness or fulfillment. But depending on what kind of person you are, happiness and fulfillment is very subjective. Everyone has his own story when asked about what it is that makes him happy and fulfilled. Eventhough it is hard to agree on such an issue, I think the important thing to remember is that we fully identify and know ourselves. By knowing ourselves means knowing our needs, including our need for happiness. When we recognize this need, then I think it is easier for us to know where we can find happiness. This for me is what the book about Irwin’s life represents. He looked for his happiness by addressing his need to express his thoughts and his self. For me, the works that he did can make him feel that a portion of his self is being fulfilled. Talking about dreams, Dressler and Irwin, for me, are both portrayers of it. However, they represent dreams in two different faces: one is a dream in exchange for something, and two is a dream in search for something. It seems to me that Dressler’s American dream is crueler than Irwin’s dream. Although self- fulfilling, Dressler’s idea of success yields more on the financial aspect as compared to the psychological one that Irwin has. For me, that of Irwin’s is a degree higher than that of Dressler. As a result, both of them gained successes that are in two different aspects, too. What Dressler achieved is a financial success while Irwin attained a more personal one. Works Cited Millhauser, Steven. The Tale of an American Dreamer. New York: Vintage Books, 1997 Weschler, Lawrence. Seeing is Forgetting the Name of the Thing One Sees. USA: University of the California Press, 1982

House of Saud Essay

The â€Å"alternative† visions of the nineteenth century all sought to Oppose authority and protect local community. Feedback/Reference: See pp. 600-601 2. The Wahhabi Movement sought to institute pure Islam and challenge The Ottoman Empire. Feedback/Reference: See p. 604 3. Allied to Wahhabi Movement leaders was the Najdian House of Saud of The Arabian Peninsula. Feedback/Reference: See p. 604 4. Which of the following did Shaka not use in his command of the Zulus? Mercy Feedback/Reference: See p. 605 5. The Taiping Rebellion of China gained momentum from all except which of the following? Government reforms aimed at relieving economic pressures by lowering taxes Feedback/Reference: See p. 608 6. Hong Xiuquan’s Taiping society demonstrated all but which of the following? Free opium use Feedback/Reference: See pp. 609-610 7. Which of the following best describes what reactionaries sought to accomplish? To reverse democracy and secular influence Feedback/Reference: See p. 612 8. Which of the following best describes what liberals sought to accomplish? To limit state power while expanding that of the individual Feedback/Reference: See p. 14 9. Which of the following best describes what radicals sought to accomplish? To reconstruct society economically and politically Feedback/Reference: See p. 614 10. The materialist theory of history generated by Marx and Engels taught that what mattered was How goods were produced and how that shaped social relations. Feedback/Reference: See p. 618 11. Insurgents opposed to powerful colonizing nations generally preached a message that reflected all of the following except Strong statements of universal love and toleration. Feedback/Reference: See pp. 618-622 12. What did Tenskwatawa advise his followers to do to rid Indian lands of the white man? Return to the traditional Indian rites and lifestyle Feedback/Reference: See p. 619 13. Why did Mayan rebels stop their drive to rid the land of imperialists during the Caste War? Planting season came, so the Mayans went home. The insurgencies discussed in this chapter were most commonly Destroyed with brute military force. 16. All of the following are true about Usman dan Fodio’s Fulani movement except It expected women to remain completely uninvolved in political action. Feedback/Reference: See pp. 604-605 17. Nationalism in Europe Slowly gained strength over the nineteenth century by pushing education and culture to unify †the nation. † Feedback/Reference: See p. 614 18. Mayan identity developed from all but which of the following bases? Close ties to the sugar and hennequen producers who felt threatened by new taxes Feedback/Reference: See p. 623 19. Which of the following best describes the utopian socialism of Charles Fourier? The organization of people into phalanxes that would preserve diversity in tasks and classes, but in which merchants did not exist Feedback/Reference: See p. 615 20. The charismatic leaders in this chapter offered all but the following: Decentralized states where power rested in the hands of the people

Diane Arbus

Diane Arbus was originally born Diane Nemerov on March 14, 1923 to David Nemerov and Gertrude Russek Nemerov. She was the daughter of a wealthy New York businessman. Her family owned Russeks department store on Fifth Avenue, allowing Dian a pampered childhood. As a member of a prominent New York family, she grew up with a strong sense of what was â€Å"prohibited† and what was â€Å"acceptable† in high society. Diane’s world was a protected one, with little adversity; yet this very lack of adversity made her feel as thou she was living in ungrounded world.As funny and different as it may seem, the ability to have a comfortable life was somehow painful for her. An extremely shy child, she was often fearful but told no one of her scary daydreams and nightmares. From what I gather her closest relationship was with her older brother, Howard. For Jr. High School, the seventh through the twelfth grade, Arbus attended Fieldstone School in the Riverdale section of the Br onx. At Fieldstone she became interested in public spectacles, rituals, and myths; ideas, which would later influence her photography work.Here she also devoted much of her time and energy to art class sketching, painting, and clay sculpture. During this period of her life, Arbus and several of her friends began exploring the city of New York. On their own they would take the subway, getting off in unfamiliar areas, Brooklyn or the Bronx. They would go out to observe and following interesting or unusual passers. At the young age of 14 Diane met her future husband. Allan Arbus, a 19-year-old City College student who was employed in the art department at Russeks, her father’s store. They say it was love at first sight for the young happy couple.Her parents obviously disapproved, as he was not of the same wealth class. However their disapproval only served to heighten Diane's conviction to marry him. Diane saw in marriage a way to escape from all that was restricting and oppress ive in her family life. In many ways, Allan represented the freedom she had been searching for. They were married, on April 10, 1941, with only their immediate families present. At the start of their new lives, to ease financial burdens her husband Allan supplemented his income by working as a salesman and also by doing some fashion photography.Diane Arbus soon became his assistant. World War II came and Allan was sent to a photography school near Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. Soon after Arbus relocated to nearby, Red Bank, and set up a darkroom in their bathroom. As a way to learn Allan taught her everything he was learning in school. May of 1944 came and Allan was transferred to another photography school in Astoria, Queens. By this time Diane was pregnant. She was having their first child, Doon Arbus, who was born April 3, 1945. During the 1940s however, Arbus briefly studied under photographer Berenice Abbott.Learning all she could about photography she and her, husband teamed up a s fashion photographers. Their first customer was her father’s business, Russeks. They were first published in the magazine May 1947 issue of Glamour. This would mark the beginning of a long association with (Conde Nast publishing) firm. Their forte was shooting models in motion. For some reason, the Arbuse’s despised the shallowness of the fashion and the magazine industry. Working in the fashion industry with all the glamour and glitz brought her lots of stress. During this period her only real joy was photographing friends and relatives.She would often wear a camera around her neck at friend and family events. On April 16, 1954, Diane became a mother for the second time. She gave birth to her second daughter, Army Arbus. Now in addition to her fashion work she was also photographing children. She would go out to Spanish Harlem in New York to photograph stranger’s children. In the 1950s she also found herself increasingly attracted to nontraditional people, pe ople on the fringes of normal society. This new avenue provided a release from the oppression felt in the fashion world.During this time of her life she also suffered from recurring bouts of depression. Due to her mental state in 1957 the couple decided to make a drastic change. He would continue to run their fashion studio, leaving her free to find and photographic subjects of her own choosing. Diane began attended Alexey Brodovitch's workshops at a New School. However Arbus found herself drawn to the work of photographs like (Weegee) Arthur Fellig, Louis Faurer, Robert Frank and, especially to the unusual pictures of Lisette Model. In 1958 Arbus enrolled in a class, Model was offering at a New School.It was during this period Diane decided, what she really wanted to pursue photographing â€Å"the different. † She saw her camera as a sort of all access pass, that allowed her to be curious, nosy, and to explore the lives of others. Gradually she overcame her shyness. She enjo yed the ability of going where she never gone before as she did as young child. She would enter the lives and homes of others and confronted that which she had never had in her own overprotected childhood. Her teacher Model taught her to be specific, that if you pay close scrutiny to reality it produces something fantastic.In her early projects, she undertook photographing what she referred to as â€Å"freaks. † She responded to them with a mixture of shame and understanding. For some reason she always identified with her subjects â€Å" the freaks† in a personal way. You could refer to Arbus' â€Å"specific subject matter† as â€Å"freaks, homosexuals, lesbians, cripples, sick people, dying people, and even dead people. † Like Weegee instead of looking away from such people, as do most of us, she looked directly at these individuals, treating them as a serious part of humanity.As a result, they opened their arms to her as one of their own making her work original and unique. In1960, When Arbus and her husband separated, her work became increasingly independent. During that period she began her series of circus images, photographing midget clowns, tattooed men, and sideshow freaks. Diane was frequently seen at Hubert’s Freak Museum at Broadway and 42nd Street, fascinated by the figures she saw. To build a repot she returned again and again until her subjects knew and felt comfortable around her. She also frequented the Times Square area, getting to know the thugs and bag ladies.Arbus’s style, was to pose her subjects, them looking directly into the camera, just as she looked directly at them. For her, the freaks were always more important than the picture. She said, â€Å"I don't like to arrange things; I arrange myself. † She was a firm believer that there were things in life everyone overlooked and no one would ever see, unless she photographed it. In the early 1960s Arbus began to photograph, nudists. She vis ited nudist camps in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, were she agreed to take her clothing off in order to be allowed to stay with them.This period was particularly productive for her, 1962 to 1964. It was during this period Arbus' won her first Guggenheim fellowship for a project on â€Å"American rites, manners, and customs†. Of Arbus' pictures three were shown in John Szarkowski's 1965 show at the MOMA, (Museum of Modern Art) â€Å"Recent Acquisitions†. There were two from her series on nudists and one of two female impersonators back stage. These honest images shocked and often repelled Viewers. Later her work was included, along with that of Lee Friedlander and Garry Winogrand, in Szarkowski's â€Å"New Documents urvey of 1967)† exhibition at the MOMA. The show, which opened March 6, marked the pinnacle of her career while she lived. It included some 30 examples of her work. Critics called her â€Å"the wizard of odds. â€Å", â€Å"the peeping Tom in all of us. † From 1966 on Arbus struggled with bouts of hepatitis, which often left her extremely depressed. In 1969, Allan Arbus, her life long partner, formally divorced her leaving her devastated. He married Mariclare Costello soon after the divorce. To cope with this difficult period Arbus photographed many influential figures of the 1960s: F.Lee Bailey, Jacqueline Susann, Coretta Scott King. Diane Arbus committed suicide in her New York apartment on July 26, 1971. In 1972, a year after she committed suicide, Arbus became the first American photographer to have photographs displayed at the Venice Biennale. Her show broke the attendance record set by the Edward Steichen's noted 1955 photographic exhibit Family Of Men which did include a photograph by the Arbuses of a father and son reading a newspaper, Millions of people viewed traveling exhibitions of her work in 1972-1979.In 2003-2006, Arbus and her work were the subjects of a another major traveling exhibition, Diane Arbus Rev elations. In 2006, the motion picture Fur, starring Nicole Kidman as Arbus, presented a fictional version of her life story. To this day her work continues to draw discushions and provoked controversy. Norman Mailer was quoted in 1971 as saying â€Å"Giving a camera to Diane Arbus is like putting a live grenade in the hands of a child. â€Å"

Bbc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Bbc - Essay Example In the UK, BBC is funded under the provision of the television Licence fee, which is collected from every household and institution using the broadcasting services. Operating almost entirely on public funding, the mission of BBC is to enhance the quality of life of the people in the UK and around the globe, by broadcasting informational programs, educating the audiences and amusing them. The corporation also holds a value to be the creative body in the world. The License fees in the UK is used to deliver services in 10 national television (TV) channels, various national radio stations, 40 local radio stations and a widespread network of news as well as informational websites. It is noteworthy that BBC is managed on the basis of certain specific and defined policies as well as rules created by the official bodies, to accomplish its pre-set mission (1BBC, 2013). When considering the values, ethos and pathos involved in the mission statement of the corporation, it can be observed that t he foundation of BBC is based on trust, honesty and its independent nature on the common public interests. The significance of BBC is to provide excellence and value for money to the people of UK. It is thereby devoted to openness and transparency, and provides disclosures regarding information to the public on regular basis emphasising its value of probity (1BBC, 2013). In the following discussion henceforth, the culture of BBC and the changes made since its establishment with regards to its managerial approaches have been addressed. Correspondingly, the history of BBC, its objective, its mission and its vision are also reflected in order to understand its significance in the world as an information channel. Brief History In the year 1922, BBC went live for the first time targeting the national audiences. The transmission of BBC created enormous interest among the people and reflected the newest scientific marvel of the age, pronouncing the initiation of the Digital era. John Reith was the first general manager of BBC. The establishment of BBC has been widely regarded as a milestone in the broadcasting history of the UK. By the year 1925, BBC covered a wide network in Briton with the aid of its newly expanding web of relay stations in the public interests. In 1932, BBC was reformed as a company and altered itself to be reputed as a public corporation. Subsequently it established a progressive broadcasting centre, the ‘Broadcasting House.’ BBC also provided the audiences with consistent TV services, which created a sensation throughout the world (2BBC, 2013). BBC had its competition with the independent television network functioning in the UK, named ITV. Nevertheless, aided by the government and operating in the public interests, BBC had its domination in the transmission of radio services with quality information. In 1960, the second BBC channel was added on the basis of its quality information and also with a vision of maintaining the standard of information for the audiences. Enormous broadcast events, such as live aids were to be conceived by BBC in the 1980’s to meet the expected challenges to be identified by the early 1990s, while the digital world was expanding and dominating the corporation thinking at an increasing pace. Subsequently, a greater degree of competition and expansion was faced by BBC, whereby the rising differentiation amid the few broadcasting media strategies ignited

Advocates of Human Rights and Champions of Countrys and Citizens Research Paper - 2

Advocates of Human Rights and Champions of Countrys and Citizens Safety - Research Paper Example Hence, people who are convicted in the lower courts, but have appealed successfully to higher courts could neither be removed from office, nor could be deprived of other citizens rights, like getting elected for an elected post, or exercising voting rights etc. So, indictment or formal charge against any person is not evidence of guilt because unless proved otherwise, the person is supposed to be innocent. It is the fundamental safeguard in the British system. â€Å"It is precisely in order to protect this presumption of innocence that defendants are not generally required to face evidence which, while it may be highly prejudicial, does not actually prove the particular case against them† Keeping this exclusive right of the defendant, he is excluded from ‘similar fact evidence’ meaning similar crimes committed by the accused in past will not have any bearing on the present case. Human Rights have become the most important principles of law today, in all civilised countries. The world is, at last, acknowledging that individual and his rights are greater than any other rights, as long as it does not encroach another’s individual rights. Hence, human rights come to the forefront while dealing with individuality as the core matter of it. â€Å"Throughout the world, in international relations and international law, discourse is increasingly being conducted in the language of human rights. This trend represents the significant inroads which are being made by the international community of nations on the notion of state sovereignty,† (Feldman, 2002, p.35).